外文翻译--用于石砌体结构的评估和加强干预控制的方法和工具（节选）

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1、650 单词， 3700 英文字符， 1100 汉字 Methodologies and Tools for the Assessment of Stone Masonry Structures and Control of Strengthening Interventions Characterization of old stone masonry structures is a very complex task, which requires specific multidisciplinary methodologies of evaluation that have been i

2、mproved and applied, in particular to historical constructions or constructions with high cultural value 18. Such methodologies allow designers, such as engineers and architects, to assess the materials and structural systems of the constructions, as well as their geometry and damage state. Such inf

3、ormation is indispensable to calibrate and assess the representativeness of the numerical models that were selected for the simulation of the construction, and that will help to understand the processes that contributed to the actual state of the construction and to measure the actual performance of

4、 the recommended intervention solutions. These evaluation methodologies are present in the Eurocode 8 67 and in the Italian Technical Norms for Construction 40, and specified for Cultural Heritage in the Italian Guidelines 68. These norms define different levels of knowledge, correlated to the exten

5、t of application of the methodologies, which are then related to different confidence factors. These factors are of great importance to designers for defining retrofitting and (or) strengthening interventions. The evaluation methodologies can be divided into two main phases: (1) knowledge phase (his

6、torical research; assessment of the structure geometry and material; damage survey; onsite and laboratory tests) and (2) analysis phase (selection of the type of analysis, model and tools). The knowledge phase is characterized by several steps with the ultimate goal of characterizing in a complete and detailed, as much as possible, way the structural system. This phase is essentially composed by five steps: (1a) historical investigation, paying special attention to the transformations