外文翻译---汽车差速器小齿轮轴的失效分析

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1、PDF外文：http:/ analysis of an automobile differential pinion shaft Abstract Differential is used to decrease the speed and to provide moment increase for transmitting the movement coming from the engine to the wheels by turning it according to the suitable angle in vehicles and to provide that inner a

2、nd outer wheels turn differently. Pinion gear and shaft at the entrance are manufactured as a single part whereas they are in different forms according to automobile types. Mirror gear which will work with this gear should become familiar before the assembly. In case of any breakdown, they should be

3、 changed as a pair. Generally, in these systems there are wear damages in gears. The gear inspected in this study has damage as a form of shaft fracture. In this study, failure analysis of the differential pinion shaft is carried out. Mechanical characteristics of the material are obtained first. Th

4、en, the microstructure and chemical compositions are determined. Some fractographic studies are carried out to asses the fatigue and fracture conditions. Keywords: Differential； Fracture； Power transfer； Pinion shaft 1. Introduction The final-drive gears may be directly or indirectly driven from the

5、 output gearing of the gearbox. Directly driven final drives are used when the engine and transmission units are combined together to form an integral construction. Indirectly driven final drives are used at the rear of the vehicle being either sprung and attached to the body structure or unsprung a

6、nd incorporated in the rear-axle casing. The final-drive gears are used in the transmission system for the following reasons 1: (a) to redirect the drive from the gearbox or propeller shaft through 90  and, (b) to provide a permanent gear reduction between the engine and the driving road-wheels

7、. In vehicles, differential is the main part which transmits the movement coming from the engine to the wheels. On a smooth road, the movement comes to both wheels evenly. The inner wheel should turn less and the outer wheel should turn more to do the turning without lateral slipping and being flung

8、. Differential, which is generally placed in the middle part of the rear bridge, consists of pinion gear, mirror gear, differential box, two axle gear and two pinion spider gears. A schematic illustration of a differential is given in Fig. 1. The technical drawing of the fractured pinion shaft is al

9、so given in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the photograph of the fractured pinion shaft and the fracture section is indicated. In differentials, mirror and pinion gear are made to get used to each other during manufacturing and the same serial number is given. Both of them are changed on condition that there

10、are any problems. In these systems, the common damage is the wear of gears 24. In this study, the pinion shaft of the differential of a minibus has been inspected. The minibus is a diesel vehicle driven at the rear axle and has a passenger capacity of 15 people. Maximum engine power is 90/4000 HP/rp

11、m, and maximum torque is 205/1600 Nm/rpm. Its transmission box has manual system (5 forward, 1 back). The damage was caused by stopping and starting the minibus at a traffic lights. In this differential, entrance shaft which carries the pinion gear was broken. Various studies have been made to deter

12、mine the type and possible reasons of the damage. These are:   studies carried out to determine the material of the shaft；   studies carried out to determine the micro-structure；   studies related to the fracture surface. There is a closer photograph of the fractured surfaces and frac

13、ture area in Fig. 4. The fracture was caused by taking out circular mark gear seen in the middle of surfaces.  Fig. 1. Schematic of the analysed differential.  Fig. 2. Technical drawing of the analysed pinion shaft  Fig. 3. The picture of the undamaged differential pinion analysed in

14、the study  Fig. 4. Photographs of failed shaft 2. Experimental procedure  Specimens extracted from the shaft were subjected to various tests including hardness tests and metallographic and scanning electron microscopy as well as the determination of chemical composition. All tests were car

15、ried out at room temperature. 2.1. Chemical and metallurgical analysis  Chemical analysis of the fractured differential material was carried out using a spectrometer. The chemical composition of the material is given in Table 1. Chemical composition shows that the material is a low alloy carbur

16、ising steel of the AISI 8620 type. Hardenability of this steel is very low because of low carbon proportion. Therefore, surface area becomes hard and highly enduring, and inner areas becomes tough by increasing carbon proportion on the surface area with cementation operation. This is the kind of ste

17、el which is generally used in mechanical parts subjected do torsion and bending. High resistance is obtained on the surface and high fatigue endurance value can be obtained with compressive residual stress by making the surface harder 57. In which alloy elements distribute themselves in carbon steels depends primarily on the compound- and carbide-forming tendencies of each element. Nickel dissolves in the a ferrite of the steel since it has less tendency to form carbides than iron. Silicon combines to a limited extent with the oxygen present in the steel to form nonmetallic