计算机外文翻译 (2)

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1、 1 外文文献翻译（译成中文 1000 字左右）： 【 主要阅读文献不少于 5 篇 ， 译文后附注 文献信息 ，包括 ： 作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码 。 提供 所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文 】 What Is JavaScript? When JavaScript first appeared in 1995, its main purpose was to handle some of the input validation that had reviously been left

2、to server - side languages such as Perl. Prior to that time, a round - trip to the server was needed to determine if a required field had been left blank or an entered value was invalid. Netscape Navigator sought to change that with the introduction of JavaScript. The capability to handle some basic

3、 validation on the client was an exciting new feature at a time when use of telephone modems was widespread. The associated slow speeds turned every trip to the server into an exercise in patience. Since that time, JavaScript has grown into an important feature of every major web browser on the mark

4、et. No longer bound to simple data validation, JavaScript now interacts with nearly all aspects of the browser window and its contents. JavaScript is recognized as a full programming language, capable of complex calculations and interactions, including closures, anonymous (lambda) functions, and eve

5、n metaprogramming. JavaScript has become such an important part of the Web that even alternative browsers, including those on mobile phones and those designed for users with disabilities, support it. Even Microsoft, with its own client - side scripting language called VBScript, ended up including it

6、s own JavaScript implementation in Internet Explorer from its earliest version. The rise of JavaScript from a simple input validator to a powerful programming language could not have been predicted. JavaScript is at once a very simple and very complicated language that takes minutes to learn but yea

7、rs to master. To begin down the path to using JavaScript s full potential, it is important to understand its nature, history, and limitations. JavaScript是什 么 ? 当 JavaScript首次出现在 1995年 时 ,它的主要目的是处理一些输入验证所reviously拖延到服务器的不良反应 ,如 Perl语言。在此之前 ,圆 -旅 行到服务器需要确定一个要求田地已经留出空白或输入值是无效的。网景航海家试图改变 ,使用JavaScript。处

8、理一些基本的能力验证在客户端是一个令人激动的新特征 当时使用电话调制解调器是普遍的。 相关的速度慢转一天天的服务器到一个耐力练习。 从那时起 ,JavaScript已长成的重要特征 ,每一个主要的浏览器市场。不再会简单的数据验证 ,JavaScript将会与几乎所有方面的浏览器窗口 ,其内容。 JavaScript是公认的一个完整的编程语言的能力 ,及相互作用的复杂计算 ,包括停业 ,匿名 (显示 )功能 ,甚至 metaprogramming。 JavaScript已成为一个重要的组成部分网络 ,甚至替代浏览器 ,其中包括手机和那些专为用户提供残疾 ,支持它。甚至微软 ,都有它自己的客户 -

9、侧脚本语言称为 VBScript,最终包括它自己的 JavaScript实施在 Internet Explorer从它的最早版本。 上升的 JavaScript从一个简单的输入验证器 ,使得一个强大的编程语言无法预测。在一次数字非常简单而又非常复杂的语言 ,以分钟来学习 ,但是年掌握。在路径下面开始使用 JavaScript的全部潜力 ,很重要的一点就是要 了解它的自然、历史、和局限性。 Professional JavaScript for Web Developers, 2nd Edition by Nicholas C. Zakas Copyright 2009 by Wiley Pub

10、lishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published 2 simultaneously in Canada In 39th page What Are Web Applications? Web applications come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are written in all kinds of languages, they run on every kind of operating system, and they behave in every conceivable way.

11、At the core of every web application is the fact that all of its functionality is communicated using HTTP, and its results are typically formatted in HTML. Inputs are communicated using GET, POST, and similar methods. Lets explore each of these things in turn. Our definition of a web application is

12、simply any software that communicates using HTTP. This may sound like a broad definition, and it is. The techniques we are showing you in this book apply to any technology based on HTTP. Notice that a web server that serves up static web pages does not fit our bill. There is no software. If you go t

13、o the same URL, you will see the exact same output, and there is no software that executes as a result of making the request. To be a web application, some kind of business logic (script, program, macros, whatever) must execute. There must be some kind of potential variability in the output. Some de

14、cisions must be made. Otherwise, were not really testing software. 网络的应用程序都有多种不同的形状和尺寸。他们都写在各种语言 ,他们运行在每一一种操作系统 ,和他们的行为在每一种可能的途径。在每一个网络应用的核心是一个事实其功能的传达使用 HTTP,其结果通常在 HTML格式。投入是沟通使用得到、邮政、类似的方法。让我们来探索每 一件事情上面都会反过来。 我们的网络应用程序的定义就是任何软件使用 HTTP沟通。这可能听起来像一个广阔的定义 ,它是。我们正为你展现技巧在这本书适用于任何技术基于 HTTP。注意 那一个网络服务器

15、,提供了静态网页不适合我们的帐单。没有软件。如果你去相同的网址 ,你会看到同样的输出 ,没有软件执行结果的请求。对作为一个网络应用 ,一些种类的业务逻辑 (剧本 ,程序 (?),宏 ,不管 )必须执行。必须有一种潜在的变化在输出。一些必须确定。否则 ,我们并不是真正的测试软件。 Web Security Testing Cookbook, 1st Edition by Paco Hope； Ben Walther Publisher: OReilly Media, Inc.Pub Date: October 28, 2008 Print ISBN-13: 978-0-596-51483-9 I

16、n 14th page What Are Web Services? A web service is a piece of business logic, located somewhere on the Internet, that is accessible through standard-based Internet protocols such as HTTP or SMTP. Using a web service could be as simple as logging into a site or as complex as facilitating a multiorga

17、nization business negotiation. Given this definition, several technologies used in recent years could have been classified as web service technology, but were not. These technologies include win32 technologies, J2EE,CORBA, and CGI scripting. The major difference between these technologies and the ne

18、w breed of technology that are labeled as web services is their standardization. This new breed of technology is based on standardized XML (as opposed to a proprietary binary standard) and supported globally by most major technology firms. XML provides a language-neutral way for representing data, a

19、nd the global corporate support ensures that every major new software technology will have a web services strategy within the next couple years. When combined, the software integration and interoperability possibilities for software programs leveraging the web services model are staggering. 网络服务是一块业

20、务逻辑 ,在互联网上的某个地方 ,那是可以通过互联网协议 3 standard-based例如 HTTP或 SMTP。 利用网站服务可以尽可能简单的登录网站或复杂的 multiorganization引导商务谈判。 给这个定义 ,有几项技术近年来使用可能被列为网络服务技术 ,但却不是。这些技术包括 win32技术、 J2EE,CORBA,CGI脚本。 这些技术的主要区别和新品种的技术都被冠以网络服务是他们的标准化。这种新型技术是基于 XML的标准 (相对于一个专有的二进制标准 )全世界的支持和最主要的技术公司。 XML language-neutral 的方式来描述数据 ,全球企业支持确保每一

21、个主要的新软件技术将有一个网络服务策略在接下来的几年。当结合了 ,软件的集成和互操作性的可能性软件程序杠杆的网络服务模式是令人惊讶的。 Java Web Services by David Chappell Tyler Jewell Publisher: OReilly First Edition March 2002 ISBN: 0-596-00269-6 ,In 10th page Unit Testing Unit testing basically involves writing test cases to ensure that your classes function corr

22、ectly.Unit tests are typically fairly low-level and modular ideally, you should be able to execute a unit test in isolation, and not depend on any other test cases to be run beforehand. In other words, your tests should be able to be executed in any order, or individually, and still work correctly.

23、Another important best practice regarding unit tests is that unit test should leave the system in the same state as it was in before the test. For example, if you are testing a DAO class, your tests may well insert, update, and delete data in the database, but once the test has finished,the database

24、 should be in the same state as before the test was started. This is not always easy,as a failed test may well leave your environment in an unstable state. Developers often need to write special code (generally known as fixture code) designed to set up a clean testenvironment before testing and to t

25、idy up afterward. Although it is possible to write unit tests entirely from scratch, unit testing frameworks make things at lot easier. By providing a simple, well-understood framework in which to write your tests, libraries such as JUnit and TestNG let developers concentrate on writing high quality

26、 unit tests. Testing frameworks also make it easier to organize your tests, to selectively run individual tests, to report on test results, and to write supporting fixture code. 单元测试主要涉及写作测试用例来确保你的类功能正确。单元测试是典型的相当低 ,modular-ideally,你应该能够执行单元测试孤立进行的 ,不依赖于任何的其它测试用例被预先运行。在其他的话 ,你的测试应该能够执行任何订单 ,或单独使用 ,也

27、还在工作正确。 另一个重要的最佳实践 ,关于单元测试是单元测试应该离开系统同一国家在测试前。例如 ,如果你正在测试的一把刀 ,班 ,你的测试可能插入 ,更新 ,删除数据的数据库 ,但是一旦测试已经结束了 ,数据库应在同一国家在考试之前就开始了。这是不容易 ,作为一个考试不及格很可能离开你 的环境不稳定的状态。开发商通常需要写特别代码 (通常称为 “ 夹具代码 ”) 旨在建立一个干净的测试环境在测试和整理之后。尽管可能会写单元测试完全从零开始 ,单元测试框架使事情变得容易很多。通过提供一个简单、明了的结构来写你的测试、图书馆如 JUnit和挑选让开发商集中精力写作高质量的单位测试。测试框架也能很

28、容易地组织你的测试 ,选择性地跑个人测试 ,报 告的测试结果 ,并写支持夹具的代码。 Java Power Tools by John Ferguson Smart Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Loranah Dimant Copyright 2008, John Ferguson Smart. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.Published by OReilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA95472. In 502th page