外文翻译---构建中小型企业电子商务

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1、II-文献综述 第 1 页 外文原文一 Building an e-business foundation for a small-to-medium business 作者： Christopher L Merrill. 国籍： USA 出处： http:/ 0p.htm 原文正文： Abstract: As the 21st century has came,the modern net an telecommunication technologies based on the Internet has been uesd widely in many areas.The eonomic

2、 globalization and infromation have became the most obvious features and tends of the new century.We human beings would enter a new age which is based on advanced Internet economy,which is the trend of society development.Economic Internets birth shows the life of Internet based virtual market.This

3、is a new,powerful,fast-growing and digital market.Under this circumstance,Chines enterprises started to enter E-market,setting up their websites.Some companies made breakthoughs on capital and scale limitations and aquiring acceesses for international market.Especially for those small companies who

4、really did a good job on the use of Internet.Facing this trend, Chongqing Yiwoke Technolege Developoment Itd Corporation began to settle Z,which is the third platform for business and other ideas.Even the competition in this area is extremely fierece,and the living environment for it was changing ev

5、eryday,but the they made very good marketing strateyies,which really benefit them a lot.And this essay has a good academic research and practical significance. 相关理论； Different scholars define electronic commerce in different way. Marilyn Greentein and Todd M. Feinman define electronic commerce as: T

6、he use of electronic transmission mediums (telecommunications) to engage in the exchange, including buying and selling, of products and services requiring transportation, either physically or digitally, from location to location. They think electronic commerce is different from electronic business i

7、n that the former is restricting, however, and does not fully encompass the true nature of the many types of information exchanges occurring via telecommunication devices. Whereas, the term electronic business also includes the exchange of information not directly related to the actual buying and se

8、lling of goods. Increasingly, businesses are u-sing electronic mechanisms to distribute information and provide customer support. These activities are not commerce activities； they are business activities. Thus, the II-文献综述 第 2 页 term electronic business is broader and may eventually replace the ter

9、m electronic commerce. Although the term electronic commerce is used throughout this text, many of the activities described are more accurately classified as electronic business. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC from these perspectives: From a communications perspective, EC is the delivery of

10、information, products/ services, or payments over telephone lines, computer networks, or any other electronic means. From a business process perspective, EC is the application of technology toward the automation of business transactions and work flow. From a service perspective, EC is a tool that ad

11、dresses the desire of firms, consumers, and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of service delivery. From an online perspective, EC provides the capability of buying and selling products and information on the Internet and other online servic

12、es. Lou Gerstner, IBMs CEO: E-business is all about cycle time, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching new customers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage.” Li Qi, a professor and expert in this field, defines EC from the perspective of productive force.

13、He thinks there should be two definitions. The broader definition is that electronic commerce is the use of electronic tools in commercial activities. These electronic tools range from telegram, telephone of early times to Nil, Gil and INTERNET of modern times. The commercial activities here refer t

14、o all lawful activities of demand and consumption except for typical production process. The narrower definition is that electronic commerce is the whole process in which people ,who master information technology and business regulations and rules, systematically use electronic tools and efficiently

15、 and low-costly engage in all kinds of activities centering on the exchange of commodities and services in a highly technically and economically advanced society. The first definition can be simplified as commercial electronic application； the second can be shortened as electronic commercial system.

16、 EDI is a subset of electronic commerce. A primary difference between the two is that electronic commerce encompasses a broader commerce environment than EDI. Traditional EDI systems allow pre-established trading partners to electronically exchange business data. The vast majority of traditional EDI

17、 systems are centered around the purchasing function. These EDI systems are generally costly to II-文献综述 第 3 页 implement. The high entry cost precluded many small and mid-sized businesses from engaging in EDI. Electronic commerce allows a marketplace to exist where buyers and sellers can meet and tra

18、nsact with one another. Classification of the EC Field by the Nature of the Transactions A common classification of EC is by the nature of transaction. The following types are distinguished : Business-to- business (B2B). Most of EC today is of this type. It includes the IOS transactions and electron

19、ic market transactions between organizations. Business-to-consumer (B2C). These are retailing transactions with individual shop-pers. The typical shopper at Amazon, com is a consumer ,or customer. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C). In this category consumer sells directly to consumers. Ex-amples are indivi

20、duals selling in classified ads (e. g., www. classified 2000 . com ) and selling residential property ,cars, and so on . Advertising personal services on the Inter-net and selling the knowledge and expertise is another example of C2C. Several auction sites allow individuals to put items up for aucti

21、ons finally, many individuals are using in-tranets and other organizational internal networks to advertise items for sale or services. Consumer-to-business (C2B). This category includes individuals who sell products or services to organizations, as well as individuals who seek sellers, interact with

22、 them , and conclude a transaction . Nonbusiness EC. An increased number of nonbusiness institutions such as academic institutions, not-for-profit organizations, religious organizations, social organizations, and government agencies are using various types of EC to reduce their expenses (e. g., impr

23、ove purchasing) or to improve their operations and customer service. Intrabusiness (organizational)EC. In this category we include all internal organiza-tional activities, usually performed on intranets, which involve exchange of goods serv-ices, or information. Activities can range from selling corporate products to employees to online training and cost-reduction activities. Note that what we described as IOS is a part of B2B. Electronic markets, on the other hand, can be associated either with B2B or with B2C.