建筑学外文翻译

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1、附录 Architecture The summary In order to make people more clear understanding of architecture, this project to backfill earthwork specific requirements and the filled soil compaction, the special problems of the earthwork processing of turkmen excavation and backfilling, should pay attention to the s

2、afety measures for detailed in this paper. Keyword Architecture Earthwork backfilling Concrete Backfilling security Architecture is the art of building. Virtually all architecture be concerned with the en-closure of space for human use. The precise activities to be housed in any specific building, r

3、anging from an assembly Hue in n factory to a living room in a home, should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within, These spaces also must be arranged in some logical rela-tion to each other. Furthermore the movement of human beings within the building requires balls stairs or elevat

4、ors whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic. The plan of a structure, always the first consideration of an architect, is the resolution of these different pur-poses into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building, Good planning guides the visitor to his des

5、tination in the structure and impresses him, perhaps subconscious-ly by visibly relating the several units of the edifice. Conversely a bad plan results in incon-venience waste and. visual confusion. Furthermore, a structure must be well built it could have such permanence as the purpose for which i

6、t is intended demands and the materials chosen may allow. The raw materi-als of architecture-stone brick wood steelor glass-in part govern the forms of the building and are expressed by them. Stone can resist compression almost indefinitely. While n is possible 10 crushes stone in a laboratory, for

7、practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited, On the other hand - stone is weak in withstanding tension. Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports, putting the lower half of the beam under tension. It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of thi

8、s material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals. Moreover stone columns must be sturdy rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide. In stone buildings, windows, doors and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be Backfill the topic of the Turkish side to

9、 fill specific requirements and the compaction of the earthworks in dealing with the special problems of earth excavation and backfill the attention of the safety measures should be elaborated in detail. Backfilling should ensure that the earthwork fill the strength and stability, such as the design

10、 of a request, should be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the fill material moisture content must also be strictly controlled. By filling the compacted into artificial consolidate and mechanical compaction of the two. Backfill venues should first remove the basement on garbage, grass, r

11、oots, excluding Kengxue in stagnant water, mud and debris, and shall take measures to prevent stagnation of water into the surface filling, soaking the foundation, causing subsidence of soil. By filling the compacted into manual and mechanical compaction consolidating the two, for different construc

12、tion methods have different requirements. A landslide and collapse of the factors (or condition) is very complicated, can be summed up conditions can be divided into internal and external conditions for the two areas, the article on the Turkish side of the landslide and collapse of the prevention an

13、d treatment were discussed and provided a number of specific Programme. Earth excavation and backfill is to have the appropriate security measures to strictly regulate the construction. The first phase of the project ,which was conducted at the University of Michigan, involved monotonic punching she

14、ar tests of slabs of fiber-reinforced concreted concrete 60 in.(1520mm) square and 6 in .(150mm) thick .The slabs were constructed with fibers of varying diameters, strengths, and shapes. A 1.5 percent mix of fibers by volume was created for each specimen. Of the fiber tested in the first phase , th

15、e researchers determined that a hook-shaped wire of regular strength 1.2 in.(30mm) long and 0.022in(0.55mm) in diameter, as well as a hook-shaped wire of high strength 0.015 in.(0.38mm) in diameter ,offered the highest strength and ductility . These fibers were then tested further in the second and

16、third phases of the project. The researchers determined that in the test specimens, the fiber-reinforced concrete needed to surround each column only to a distance equal to four times the thickness of the slab to be effective； the remainder of the slab could then be composed of standard reinforced c

17、oncrete. This amount of fiber-reinforced concrete increased the amount of sway that a slab-to-column frame could experience without undergoing punching shear failure in the connections at a cost comparable to that of shear stud reinforcement, Parra-Montesinos says. The amount of lateral movement pos

18、sible in a slab-to-column connection before punching shear damage occurs is greatly affected by the gravity load present； this is typically expressed as the radio of the shear induced by the gravity loads to the punching shear capacity of the connection under the action of loads alone. According to

19、Parra-Montesinos, without shear reinforcement, a ratio of generally associated with a roughly 1.5 percent drift capacity in the slab-to-column frame. The higher the ratio, the more likely a connection is to fail during extreme loading. During the tests carried out in the second phase, the researcher

20、s applied a 0.5 ratio, which without slab shear reinforcement would probably lead to a punching failure at a drift of roughly 1 percent. When the connection still had not failed at a 4 percent drift, the researchers increased the ratio to 0.63. “The specimen with the high-strength fiber did not fail

21、, and the specimen with the regular-strength fibers exhibited punching at five percent drift,” says Parra-Montesinos. “The gain in drift capacity was incredible on the unidirectional displacement tests.” Concrete is characterized by strong compressive strength, but is relatively weak in tension and

22、shear. It can support large axial loads, and is used extensively in the foundations of large structures such as bridges and tall buildings.but it breaks easily under bending without reinforcing steel. Concrete with compressive strength of 3,000 6,000 pounds per square inch (psi) is common. The Ameri

23、can Concrete Institute defines any concrete over 6,000 psi as high-strength concrete. For structures that require flexural strength for resistance to bending moments, reinforcing steel-rebar-is embedded in the concrete. In some cases,tensioned cables are placed in the concrete to make prestressed or

24、 post-tensioned concrete. The tension to resist the bending moment comes from the reinforcing steel or the stressed cables. For a concrete mix to reach its ultimate strength, a long period of time is needed. The ultimate strength of concrete and its 28-day strength are not the same. For design purpo

25、ses, engineers use the 28-day strength, and the concrete should be subjected to only minimum loads until the 28 days have passed. That rule is very rigidly enforced in heavy construction. It is not at all uncommon for work in residential and medium-rise commercial building construction to be process

26、ed on a 3-day floor cycle. Place concrete one day, form and shore the next floor over the next two days, this puts minimum load on the new slab, and then place concrete on the third day. This placement increases the load on the previously placed floor, but the load is carried primarily by the shorin

27、g, which passes continually down for several floors, thereby shifting the load to concrete that has had time to reach its ultimate strength. 建筑学 摘 要 为了使人们更清楚的人是建筑学，本专题对土方回填具体要求以及填土的压实、对土方工程中的特殊问题处理、对土方开挖与回填应该注意的安全措施进行详细的阐述。 关键词 建筑学；土方回填；混凝土；回填安全 建筑学是建造的艺术。实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用的围合空间有关。建筑物内部一些空间的大小和形状是由那些将要容

28、纳在该建筑物（如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室）里的确切活动所规定。这些空间的排列还应 有合理的关系。另外，人在建筑物中的走动需要有走廊、楼梯或电梯，其尺寸受预期交通负荷的支配。建筑方案是建筑师首先要考虑的事，它把对建筑物的各种要求安排成体现建筑意图的空间组合。好的方案可以使来访者在建筑中找到其目的地并留下印象，这种印象也许是下意识地通过把大的建筑体系中一些单元明显地联系起来而造成的。相反，坏的方案所产生的结果是不方便、浪费和视觉上的混乱。 此外，一座建筑的结构必须建造良好；它必须具有永久性。这种永久性既是设计意图要求的，也是材料的选择所允许的。建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）部分地决定着 建筑物的形式，并被这些形式所表现。石头几乎可以无限地承受压力。在实验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它的耐压程度几乎是无限