2015年工程造价外文翻译—影响巴基斯坦建设工程造价估算准确性感知因素和实际因素（节选）

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1、字数：英文 3023 单词， 17564 字符；中文 5181 汉字 出处： F Arif， SH Lodi， N Azhar.Factors influencing accuracy of construction project cost estimates in Pakistan: Perception and realityJInternational Journal of Construction Management.2015,15(1):59-70 外文文献： Factors influencing accuracy of construction project cost es

2、timates in Pakistan: Perception and reality Abstract Construction projects are unique as they are priced before being constructed. Therefore, accuracy of construction project cost estimates is pivotal in project success. Several studies have determined factors influencing the accuracy of cost estima

3、tes. Comparatively less information is available for construction industries in developing countries. This study identified factors influencing the accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects in Pakistan. Cost data was collected for 46 completed construction projects. Four dimensions 60 fac

4、tors were considered. Dimensions included: project characteristics, project team, estimating procedures, and (costing related) information items. A rigorous analysis framework based on principal component analysis and regression analysis was used. Involvement of the contractor in the estimation proc

5、edure and labour rates were found to be the most significant factors. Early involvement of the contractor can result in realistic estimates through timely input from subcontractors, materials suppliers and manufacturers among others. This also helps in controlling labour costs as most of the constru

6、ction projects in Pakistan employ labour through subcontractors. Keywords: cost estimates; Pakistan; factors influencing accuracy; estimate bias; estimate consistency; principal component analysis; regression analysis Introduction The construction industry is unique in its working as compared to other manufacturing and product development industries. Since it is a project-based activity, every construction project has its own nature, requirements, and characteristics. The uniqueness o