外文翻译--鼓式制动器

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1、1 中文 4800 字 Drum brake A drum brake with the drum removed as used on the rear wheel of a car or truck. Note that in this installation, a cable-operated parking brake uses the service shoes. A drum brake is a brake in which the friction is caused by a set of shoes or pads that press against a rotatin

2、g drum-shaped part called a brake drum. The term drum brake usually means a brake in which shoes press on the inner surface of the drum. When shoes press on the outside of the drum, it is usually called a clasp brake. Where the drum is pinched between two shoes, similar to a conventional disk brake,

3、 it is sometimes called a pinch drum brake, although such brakes are relatively rare. A related type of brake uses a flexible belt or band wrapping around the outside of a drum, called a band brake. History 2 A drum brake at the rear wheel of a motorbike Kawasaki W800 The modern automobile drum brak

4、e was invented in 1902 by Louis Renault, though a less-sophisticated drum brake had been used by Maybach a year earlier. In the first drum brakes, the shoes were mechanically operated with levers and rods or cables. From the mid-1930s the shoes were operated with oil pressure in a small wheel cylind

5、er and pistons (as in the picture), though some vehicles continued with purely-mechanical systems for decades. Some designs have two wheel cylinders. The shoes in drum brakes are subject to wear and the brakes needed to be adjusted regularly until the introduction of self-adjusting drum brakes in th

6、e 1950s. In the 1960s and 1970s brake drums on the front wheels of cars were gradually replaced with disc brakes and now practically all cars use disc brakes on the front wheels, with many offering disc brakes on all wheels. However, drum brakes are still often used for handbrakes as it has proven v

7、ery difficult to design a disc brake suitable for holding a car when it is not in use. Moreover, it is very easy to fit a drum handbrake inside a disc brake so that one unit serves as both service brake and handbrake. Early type brake shoes contained asbestos. When working on brake systems of older

8、cars, care must be taken not to inhale any dust present in the brake assembly. The United States Federal Government began to regulate asbestos production, and brake manufacturers had to switch to non-asbestos linings. Owners initially complained of poor braking with the replacements； however, techno

9、logy eventually advanced to compensate. A majority of daily-driven older vehicles have been fitted with asbestos-free linings. Many other countries also limit the use of asbestos in brakes. Early automotive brake systems, after the era of hand levers of course, used a drum design at all four wheels.

10、 They were called drum brakes because the components were housed in a round drum that rotated along with the wheel. Inside was a set of shoes that, when the brake pedal was pressed, would force the shoes against the drum and slow the wheel. Fluid was used to transfer the movement of the brake pedal

11、into the movement of the brake shoes, while the shoes themselves were made of a heat-resistant friction material similar to that used on clutch plates. This basic design proved capable under most circumstances, but it had one major flaw. Under high braking conditions, like descending a steep hill wi

12、th a heavy load or repeated high-speed slow downs, drum brakes would often fade and lose effectiveness. Usually this fading was the result of too much heat build-up within the drum. Remember that the principle of braking involves turning kinetic energy (wheel movement) into thermal energy (heat). Fo

13、r this reason, drum brakes can only operate as long as they can absorb the heat generated by slowing a vehicles wheels. Once the brake components themselves become saturated with heat, they lose the ability to halt a vehicle, which can be somewhat disconcerting to the vehicles operator. 3 Self-apply

14、ing characteristic Drum brakes have a natural self-applying characteristic.1 The rotation of the drum can drag either or both of the shoes into the friction surface, causing the brakes to bite harder, which increases the force holding them together. This increases the stopping power without any addi

15、tional effort being expended by the driver, but it does make it harder for the driver to modulate the brakes sensitivity. It also makes the brake more sensitive to brake fade, as a decrease in brake friction also reduces the amount of brake assist. Disc brakes exhibit no self-applying effect because

16、 the hydraulic pressure acting on the pads is perpendicular to the direction of rotation of the disc. Disc brake systems usually have servo assistance (Brake Booster) to lessen the drivers pedal effort, but some disc braked cars (notably race cars) and smaller brakes for motorcycles, etc., do not ne

17、ed to use servos. Note: In most designs, the self applying effect only occurs on one shoe. While this shoe is further forced into the drum surface by a moment due to friction, the opposite effect is happening on the other shoe. The friction force is trying to rotate it away from the drum. The forces

18、 are different on each brake shoe resulting in one shoe wearing faster. It is possible to design a two-shoe drum brake where both shoes are self-applying (having separate actuators and pivoted at opposite ends), but these are very uncommon in practice. Drum brake designs Rendering of a drum brake Drum brakes are typically described as either leading/trailing or twin leading.1