外文翻译--中国苏南农村城镇化发展中的社会经济特征

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1、中文 5200 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 出 处： International Journal of Social Economics 作 者： De Wang Socioeconomic characteristics of rural urbanization in Southern Jiangsu, China De Wang Abstract Rural urbanization in China has been discussed by many scholars since the 1980s. In this paper, Wuxi and Jiangyin, two coun

2、ties in Chinas most developed area of southern Jiangsu, were selected as target areas. Four characteristics of rural urbanization, namely, multilevel transfer of rural population into urban population； dispersed spatial pattern； urbanization lagging behind industrial development； and important role

3、of towns in rural urbanization, were analyzed. Through an analysis of the socioeconomic development of Wuxi and Jiangyin, three trends in future development of rural urbanization can be predicted: rural population will continue to progress from lower to higher level and from incomplete to complete f

4、orm； small towns will continue to develop rapidly and differentially； and rural migrants in regional cities will gradually increase. Keywords China Rural economy Urban economy 1 Introduction Rural urbanization in China has been discussed hotly by many scholars after the 1980s. William (1990) has rev

5、iewed most studies dealing with the broader subject of rural urbanization including rural industry. The main full-length works that emerged from this period were Chang (1990), Griffin (1984), Yao and Wu (1988) and Yeh (1995). Despite the considerable volume of past and ongoing research on rural urba

6、nization, until recently few studies had concentrated specifically on the micro scale rural urbanization process. The process of rural urbanization can be generally understood as the transformation of a rural area into an urban one. Its main idea is transferring the populations status from a rural i

7、nto an urban one. The motive power of urbanization can be divided into two types: one comes from cities, or rather, from the diffusion of urban industry to outside areas and the construction of state-owned enterprises and key projects. In this case, the motivating power comes from above, and the pro

8、cess of urbanization is characterized by a development from the top down. The other type of power stems from the countryside, i.e. the socioeconomic development of rural areas, and its local industry1. This process comes from the bottom, represented by gradual development. In the course of rural urb

9、anization, the agricultural nature of the region is declining, being replaced by urban features until gradually turning into an urban area. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the present process of rural urbanization taking place in Wuxi and Jiangyin, two counties in Chinas most de

10、veloped area of Southern Jiangsu Province. Specifically, it tries to define the micro socioeconomic characteristics of ongoing rural urbanization. 2 Characteristics of rural urbanization in Wuxi and Jiangyin The rural urbanization process can be traced back to the 1960s, when the peoples communes be

11、gan building factories to support their agricultural activities. As agricultural productivity increased, due to the restriction of rural urban migration, a surplus labor force was formed in the rural areas. Rural industries emerged to employ this surplus labor in the countryside, and rural industria

12、lization and urbanization thus began. The process started slowly； it accelerated with the commencement of reforms and the open door policy in 1979. By 1996, rural industries were already producing over 95 percent of the gross value of the industrial and agricultural output, employing 60 percent of t

13、he labor force in the rural areas. Towns prospered and the rural-urban income ratio reached a balance. On a closer examination of rural urbanization, four characteristics may be observed. Multilevel transfer of rural population into urban population The transfer of rural population into urban popula

14、tion is the major theme of urbanization. During the process of rural urbanization in Wuxi and Jiangyin, there were a number of transfer-forms, as the peasants could not become urban people simply by leaving the countryside2 (see Table I). Table I. Three levels of rural urbanization Subject Rural peo

15、ple Level First level Second level Third level (urban people) Occupation Agriculture Non-agriculture (village industry) Non-agriculture (township industry) Non-agriculture Workplace Rural Rural Town Town and city Residence place Rural Rural Rural Town and city Linkage with agriculture Strong Weak De

16、gree of transfer to urban people Low High Transfer cost (RMB/person) a 1,800 3,000 10,000 Activity space Within village Within village Within town Within town or city Population (in thousands)b 1,000 350 450 245 Notes:a figures of 1986 b figures of 1986 Source: Information from fieldwork First, rura

17、l people were employed by non-agricultural enterprises, usually run by the village collective or the individual peasant household, near their homes. Rural people did not leave their village. Both places of residence and work were in the village, but most of their working time was devoted to non-agricultural activities. Through this first-level transfer, rural people changed their occupations and engaged