外文翻译----企业家与企业家精神概述

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1、 附录 1 The entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial spirit outlines First, Entrepreneurs definition May divide into 4 kinds regarding entrepreneurs definition and the description: (1)System economical school of thought “technical structure social stratum”； he system economical school of thought embarks f

2、rom “the technical determinism”, the system economical school of thought embarks from “the technical determinism”, thought “the most important element of production” the decision society power forward and the social system evolution, in the feudal period most important productive forces essential fa

3、ctor is “the land”, in the capitalism time most important productive forces essential factor is “the capital”, when deposits surpasses the investment, the capital decision strength drops,After marches into the capitalism time (modern capitalism), the most important productive forces essential factor

4、 turns “the specialized knowledge as well as the organization form which adapts with it”, the theory knowledge becomes the social core, becomes policy-making the dependence, by now the authority also changed “the technical social stratum” from the capitalist, the technical social stratum was refers

5、to the technical personnel, the management social stratum.American economic wife and children Hall Buddha ReddThe money forces called this is “manager revolutionizes”； In 1973, American economist DouglasNourse studies from the A.D. 900-1700 west economic history, proposed the system production is th

6、e source in transaction cost economy, the enterprise system design into economical educational world focal point.At the same time, Costs Enterprises Nature enables us to be possible from the property right decision angle research enterprise and the entrepreneur, in recent years Our country State-own

7、ed enterprise reformed the goal establishes the modern enterprise system, hoped solved enterprise questions and so on operators drive, restraint, surveillance from the property right relations； Separate according to the property right theory right of management and the property rights, produce the p

8、rincipal-agent to relate, entrepreneurs role is the property agent, has the business entity property rights； “The entrepreneur” this word 16th century appears in French, namely direction military expedition person.In 1755, French economist Richard The ridge abundant dragon defines the entrepreneuria

9、l spirit for “undertakes the uncertainty”； In 1815, Zaire Political economy Introduction first time included the entrepreneur one of economical development essential factors, although Zaire has neglected the capital formation creativity and the sense of responsibility - - entrepreneurial spirit impo

10、rtant two wings. (2)Schumpeter “the innovation function said”； in 1942 “father of the innovation principle economic” the American nationality Austria economist bear bit in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, caused “the entrepreneur” this unique productive forces essential factor to become the most

11、 important essential factor.The bear bit pointed out that, the so-called innovation is the entrepreneur the control which to the new product, the new market, the new production method, the new organizations development as well as the new raw material originates mixes； the entrepreneur is called “the

12、 innovation soul”.The bear bit Economical Development Theory pointed out in it that, the economical development is dynamic, is to the extant balanced condition change. The economical development is not because the population, the desire condition, the economical and production organizations change t

13、hese are called “exterior factor which the production expands”, the entrepreneur to the element of production again combination is the basic power which the economy grows, is the intrinsic factor which the economy grows, in other words, the innovation is the growth soul, the innovation is the compan

14、y grows the rapid reason.The innovation is the company grows the rapid reason. In today, the traditional industry time is specially progressive to the information age, the innovation spirit full small company develops surpasses traditional the big company, the American Small business Bureaus statist

15、ics indicated, the new company creates new product compared to big enterprise many 250%.A US National Science Foundations research believed, new company each US dollar the research and development expense obtain the innovation profit is big enterprises 4 times, the new company innovates enters the m

16、arket is equally 2.2 years, but the big enterprise is 3.1 years. (3)Caisson “the entrepreneur judges (Entrepreneurial judgments) to say”； Caisson (Casson.Mark) to entrepreneur and entrepreneur function limits.Casson believed that, entrepreneurs function is the entrepreneur judges (Entrepreneurial ju

17、dgments), the entrepreneur is specially the human who makes the judgment for the scarce resources coordination.In the entrepreneur function, besides affirmed Schumpeter “the innovation function”, proposed: 1st, arbitrage function； 2nd, creates the market the function. The entrepreneur reduces the tr

18、ansaction cost through intermediary and the internalization two ways, the improvement transaction system, urges the market the formation. (4)In our country practical life entrepreneur definition, is Manager (Manager) regards as operator like factory manager entrepreneur (Entrepreneur).If the Chinese

19、 business owners state-owned enterprises reform course, discovered the state-owned enterprise operators choice used to appoint, enterprise systems and so on the appointment, contract, has not had the satisfying effect.Our country scholars thought Chinese Enterprise is radically “the entrepreneur vac

20、ancy”, the operator only is “the national cadre”； Some scholars thought if does not have the operator to choose the mechanism the establishment, in fact our operator equally business capacity cannot compared to total population average ability high how many,Our country State-owned enterprise loss re

21、aches above 40%, besides other factors, operators choice does not work as is the most major problem, take state-owned enterprises operator as the example, did not have operators turnover mechanism, the elimination mechanism, the operator troop still to maintain at one kind the level which made one s

22、atisfy with difficulty. Synthesizes several kind of classifications: Below the authoritative source obtains the quite accurate definition: The economic theory and the economical practice development clue all closely is connected with the entrepreneur, the entrepreneur has the special human capital,

23、is most important, the scarcest social resources. From entrepreneurs characteristic, the function and the function realization explores the analysis,has the possibility to obtain the theory the coordination entrepreneur to define the answer with the practice in. Entrepreneurs characteristic is refer

24、s to the entrepreneurial spirit and ability essential attribute, entrepreneurs function is by the entrepreneur market function, the resources function, manages the function, the innovation function for the main body function system. Entrepreneurs full essential condition is, has the entrepreneur sub

25、stantive characteristics, under certain environmental condition restraint, maximum limit realizes the entrepreneur function, and obtains the remarkable achievement operator. Second, the entrepreneurial spirit definition In this terminology connotation analyzes from “the entrepreneurial spirit”, the

26、spirit first is one energetic quality, “the spirit first is one thought form, is ideology which one kind of actuation wisdom exercises the mind,” but “the spirit is incompletely indicated merely individual consciousness condition or the process psychology, the subjective concept, the spirit is oppos

27、ite in consciousness, it as if should be is abstract to the consciousness one kind of value.”The entrepreneurial spirit also is indicated entrepreneur this special community has the common characteristic, is the unique individual quality, the value orientation as well as the thought pattern abstract expression which they have, is to the entrepreneur rationality and non-rational logical organization one kind of surmounting, the sublimation.The entrepreneur community is