土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译
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1、 外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete 钢筋混凝土 Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construct
2、ion stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are us
3、ed in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. 在每一个国家 , 混凝土及钢筋混凝土 都被 用来作为建筑材料。很多 地区 ,包括美国和加拿大,钢筋混凝土在工程建设 中 是主要的结构材料。钢筋混凝土建筑 的 普遍性源于钢筋 的 广泛供应和混凝土的 组成成分 ,砾石,沙子,水泥等,混凝土施工所需的技能相对简单
4、, 与 其他形式的建设 相比, 钢筋混凝土 更加经济。 混凝土及钢筋混凝土用 于 桥梁 、 各种地下 结构建筑、 水 池、 电视塔 、 海 洋石油勘探 建筑、工业建筑、大坝 ,甚至 用于造船业 。 Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete s
5、tructures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. 钢筋混凝土结构可 能是 现浇混凝土 结构 ,在其最后位置建造,或者他们可能是在一家工厂生产混凝土预制件 ,再在 施工现场 安装 。混凝土结构 在 设计 上可能是 普通 的和 多 功能的,或形状和布局 是奇想 和艺术
6、 的 。其他 很少 几 种 建材能够提供建筑和结构如此的通用性和广泛适用性 。 Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the mo
7、ments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way
8、that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars. 混凝土有较强的抗压力但抗拉力很弱 。因此 , 混凝土 , 每当 承受荷载时 ,或约束收缩 或 温度变化,引起拉应力,在超过 抗拉 强度 时, 裂缝 开始 发展。在素 混凝土梁 中 , 中和轴的弯矩是由在混凝土内部拉压力偶来抵抗作用荷载之后的值 。这种 梁当出现第一道裂缝时就突然完全地断裂了 。在钢筋混凝土梁 中 ,钢筋是 那样埋置于混凝土中,以至于当混凝土开裂后弯矩平衡所需的拉
9、力由纲筋中产生 。 The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind,
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