1、 外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete 钢筋混凝土 Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construct
2、ion stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are us
3、ed in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. 在每一个国家 ， 混凝土及钢筋混凝土 都被 用来作为建筑材料。很多 地区 ，包括美国和加拿大，钢筋混凝土在工程建设 中 是主要的结构材料。钢筋混凝土建筑 的 普遍性源于钢筋 的 广泛供应和混凝土的 组成成分 ，砾石，沙子，水泥等，混凝土施工所需的技能相对简单
4、， 与 其他形式的建设 相比， 钢筋混凝土 更加经济。 混凝土及钢筋混凝土用 于 桥梁 、 各种地下 结构建筑、 水 池、 电视塔 、 海 洋石油勘探 建筑、工业建筑、大坝 ，甚至 用于造船业 。 Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete s
5、tructures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. 钢筋混凝土结构可 能是 现浇混凝土 结构 ，在其最后位置建造，或者他们可能是在一家工厂生产混凝土预制件 ，再在 施工现场 安装 。混凝土结构 在 设计 上可能是 普通 的和 多 功能的，或形状和布局 是奇想 和艺术
6、 的 。其他 很少 几 种 建材能够提供建筑和结构如此的通用性和广泛适用性 。 Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the mo
7、ments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way
8、that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars. 混凝土有较强的抗压力但抗拉力很弱 。因此 ， 混凝土 ， 每当 承受荷载时 ，或约束收缩 或 温度变化，引起拉应力，在超过 抗拉 强度 时， 裂缝 开始 发展。在素 混凝土梁 中 ， 中和轴的弯矩是由在混凝土内部拉压力偶来抵抗作用荷载之后的值 。这种 梁当出现第一道裂缝时就突然完全地断裂了 。在钢筋混凝土梁 中 ，钢筋是 那样埋置于混凝土中，以至于当混凝土开裂后弯矩平衡所需的拉
9、力由纲筋中产生 。 The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind,
10、 and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to su
11、pport the loads by itself. 钢筋混凝土构件 的 建造 包括以被建构件的形状支摸板 。 模型 必须 足够 强大，以至于能够 支 承自 重和湿混凝土 的 静水压力，工人 施加的 任何力量都适用于它，具体的手推车，风 压力 ，等等。在混凝土的运作 过程中，钢筋将被放置在摸板中 。 在 混凝土硬化 后 ， 模板 都将被 移走 。 当模板被移走时 ， 支撑将被安装来承受混凝土的重量 直到它达到足够的 强度 来 承受自重 。 The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist
12、 the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place,
13、the concrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely. 设计师必须 使混凝土构件 有足够的 强度 来 抵 抗荷 、 载和足够的刚度 来 防止过 度 的挠度 变形 。 除此之外 ， 梁必须设计合理 以便它能够 被 建造。 例如，钢筋 必须按构造设计，以便能在现场装配。由于当钢筋放入摸板后才浇筑混凝土，因此混凝土必须能够流过钢筋及摸板并完全充满摸板的每个角落 。 The choice of whether a str
14、ucture should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations: 被建成的结构材料的 选择 是 混凝土， 还是 钢材 、砌体 ，
15、或 木材 ， 取决于是否有材料和一些价值 决策 。结构体系 的选择 是由建筑师 或 工程师早在设计的基础上 决定的 ，考虑到下列因素： 1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is a
16、ffected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project
17、, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay
18、off in reduced overall costs. 1.经济。 常常 首要考虑的是结构 的总造价 。当然，这是 随着材 料 的成本 和安装构件的必需 劳动力 改变的 。 然而，总投资常常更受总工期的影响，因为承包商和业主必须借款或贷款以便完成建设，在建筑物竣工前他们从此项投资中将得不到任何回报 。在一个典型的大型公寓 或 商业项目 中 ，建筑成本的融资将是总费用 的 一个重要部分。因此，金融储蓄，由于快速施工可能多于抵消增加材料成本。基于这个原因，设计师可以采取任何措施规范设计 来减轻削减的成本 。 In many cases the long-term economy of the
19、structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration. 在许多情况下，长期的经济结构可能比第一成本更重要。因此，维修和耐久性是重要的考虑因素。 2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function. A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine
