集成电路外文翻译

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1、 大学 本科生毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 学 院： 专 业： 学 生： 指导教师： 完成日期： 2012 年 5 月 30 日 1 Integrated circuit (IC) Introducion Integrated circuit also called microelectronic circuit or chip an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes)

2、and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon). The resulting circuit is thus a small monolithic “chip,” which may be as small as a few square centimetres or only a few square millimetres.

3、 The individual circuit components are generally microscopic in size. Integrated circuits have their origin in the invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley and his team at the American Telephone and Telegraph Companys Bell Laboratories. Shockleys team (including John Bardeen and Wa

4、lter H. Brattain) found that, under the right circumstances, electrons would form a barrier at the surface of certain crystals, and they learned to control the flow of electricity through the crystal by manipulating this barrier. Controlling electron flow through a crystal allowed the team to create

5、 a device that could perform certain electrical operations, such as signal amplification, that were previously done by vacuum tubes. They named this device a transistor, from a combination of the words transfer and resistor (see photograph). The study of methods of creating electronic devices using

6、solid materials became known as solid-state electronics. Solid-state devices proved to be 2 much sturdier, easier to work with, more reliable, much smaller, and less expensive than vacuum tubes. Using the same principles and materials, engineers soon learned to create other electrical components, su

7、ch as resistors and capacitors. Now that electrical devices could be made so small, the largest part of a circuit was the awkward wiring between the devices. In 1958 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Inc., and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation independently thought of a way to reduc

8、e circuit size further. They laid very thin paths of metal (usually aluminum or copper) directly on the same piece of material as their devices. These small paths acted as wires. With this technique an entire circuit could be “integrated” on a single piece of solid material and an integrated circuit

9、 (IC) thus created. ICs can contain hundreds of thousands of individual transistors on a single piece of material the size of a pea. Working with that many vacuum tubes would have been unrealistically awkward and expensive. The invention of the integrated circuit made technologies of the Information

10、 Age feasible. ICs are now used extensively in all walks of life, from cars to toasters to amusement park rides. Basic IC types Analog versus digital circuits Analog, or linear, circuits typically use only a few components and are thus some of the simplest types of ICs. Generally, analog circuits are connected to devices that collect signals from the environment or send signals back to the