计算机外文翻译(5)

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1、Java and the Internet If Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isnt immediately obvious if youre coming from a traditional programming perspective.

2、Although Java is very useful for solving traditional standalone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web. What is the Web? The Web can seem a bit of a mystery at first, with all this talk of “surfing,” “presence,” and “home pages.” I

3、ts helpful to step back and see what it really is, but to do this you must understand client/server systems, another aspect of computing thats full of confusing issues. Client/Server computing The primary idea of a client/server system is that you have a central repository of informationsome kind of

4、 data, often in a databasethat you want to distribute on demand to some set of people or machines. A key to the client/server concept is that the repository of information is centrally located so that it can be changed and so that those changes will propagate out to the information consumers. Taken

5、together, the information repository, the software that distributes the information and the machine where the information and software reside is called the server. The software that resides on the remote machine, communicates with the server, fetches the information, processes it, and then displays

6、it on the remote machine is called the client. The basic concept of client/server computing, then, is not so complicated. The problems arise because you have a single server trying to serve many clients at once. Generally, a database management system is involved, so the designer “balances” the layo

7、ut of data into tables for optimal use. In addition, systems often allow a client to insert new information into a server. This means you must ensure that one clients new data doesnt walk over another clients new data, or that data isnt lost in the process of adding it to the database (this is calle

8、d transaction processing). As client software changes, it must be built, debugged, and installed on the client machines, which turns out to be more complicated and expensive than you might think. Its especially problematic to support multiple types of computers and operating systems. Finally, theres

9、 the all-important performance issue: You might have hundreds of clients making requests of your server at any one time, so any small delay is crucial. To minimize latency, programmers work hard to offload processing tasks, often to the client machine, but sometimes to other machines at the server s

10、ite, using so-called middleware. (Middleware is also used to improve maintainability.) The simple idea of distributing information has so many layers of complexity that the whole problem can seem hopelessly enigmatic. And yet its crucial: Client/server computing accounts for roughly half of all prog

11、ramming activities. Its responsible for everything from taking orders and credit-card transactions to the distribution of any kind of datastock market, scientific, government, you name it. What weve come up with in the past is individual solutions to individual problems, inventing a new solution eac

12、h time. These were hard to create and hard to use, and the user had to learn a new interface for each one. The entire client/server problem needs to be solved in a big way. The Web as a giant server The Web is actually one giant client/server system. Its a bit worse than that, since you have all the

13、 servers and clients coexisting on a single network at once. You dont need to know that, because all you care about is connecting to and interacting with one server at a time (even though you might be hopping around the world in your search for the correct server). Initially it was a simple one-way

14、process. You made a request of a server and it handed you a file, which your machines browser software (i.e., the client) would interpret by formatting onto your local machine. But in short order people began wanting to do more than just deliver pages from a server. They wanted full client/server ca

15、pability so that the client could feed information back to the server, for example, to do database lookups on the server, to add new information to the server, or to place an order (which required more security than the original systems offered). These are the changes weve been seeing in the develop

16、ment of the Web. The Web browser was a big step forward: the concept that one piece of information could be displayed on any type of computer without change. However, browsers were still rather primitive and rapidly bogged down by the demands placed on them. They werent particularly interactive, and

17、 tended to clog up both the server and the Internet because any time you needed to do something that required programming you had to send information back to the server to be processed. It could take many seconds or minutes to find out you had misspelled something in your request. Since the browser

18、was just a viewer it couldnt perform even the simplest computing tasks. (On the other hand, it was safe, because it couldnt execute any programs on your local machine that might contain bugs or viruses.) To solve this problem, different approaches have been taken. To begin with, graphics standards h

19、ave been enhanced to allow better animation and video within browsers. The remainder of the problem can be solved only by incorporating the ability to run programs on the client end, under the browser. This is called client-side programming. Client-side programming The Webs initial server-browser de

20、sign provided for interactive content, but the interactivity was completely provided by the server. The server produced static pages for the client browser, which would simply interpret and display them. Basic HyperText Markup Language (HTML) contains simple mechanisms for data gathering: text-entry

21、 boxes, check boxes, radio boxes, lists and drop-down lists, as well as a button that can only be programmed to reset the data on the form or “submit” the data on the form back to the server. This submission passes through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provided on all Web servers. The text with

22、in the submission tells CGI what to do with it. The most common action is to run a program located on the server in a directory thats typically called “cgi-bin.” (If you watch the address window at the top of your browser when you push a button on a Web page, you can sometimes see “cgi-bin” within all the gobbledygook there.) These programs can be written in most languages. Perl has been a common choice because it is