外文翻译--英国需要公法形式的商会吗？

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1、中文 3125 字 本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译 原文 ： Does Britain need public law status Chambers of Commerce? Legal status The contrast between private and public law status is the key differentiating factor between the Chamber systems of Britain on the one hand， and France and Germany on the other. Differing legal s

2、tatus reflects the contrasting traditions of voluntarism in the UK， leading to a belief in the primacy of market forces in the context of the business support environment， and of state intervention in France and Germany， allied to business promotion. The former tradition explains the existence of pr

3、ivate law Chambers in Britain， with voluntary membership， non-statutory funding and independent determination of missions and business support activities. The latter explains the existence of powerful， public law Chambers in France and Germany， with mandatory membership， substantial statutory fundin

4、g and a mix of state prescribed and self-determined activities. Advantages of public law status French and German respondents described the benefits of public law status in terms of the facilitation of partnership between business and government， greater political influence for business， operational

5、 independence and ease of long-term planning for Chambers， together with sufficient resources for them to provide high quality services for business. Disadvantages of public law status French and German respondents identified few weaknesses in the public law system. Potential problems were， however，

6、 seen in terms of bureaucracy， image problems and limits to Chambers independence. UK Chamber respondents regarded public law status with suspicion， and considered that its introduction might undermine the vitality and entrepreneurial character of UK Chambers. For the UK respondents， the disadvantag

7、es were greater in number and include subjugation to state control， the offer of fewer services to business， the existence of political and business opposition to public status in the UK， and the likely alienation of public status Chambers from member firms. Advantages of private law status Both UK

8、respondents emphasised， instead， the advantages of private law status， including the principle of voluntary Chamber membership and its “guarantee” of de jure (I not de facto) Chamber independence from government control. However， several problems created by private law status were identified， includ

9、ing the traditional lack of government support for UK Chambers， their lack of political influence， governments unwillingness to consult them over issues affecting business， and the existence of damaging competition from private sector providers in UK Chambers key markets. Disadvantages of private la

10、w status UK respondents did recognise the problems created by private law status， including lack of political influence ， lack of government support and/or consultation， and competition with private sector providers. Advantages of compulsory membership Regarding the issue of Chamber membership ， Fre

11、nch and German respondents took the view that mandatory membership leads to a range of benefits， enabling Chambers to improve their business representation and legitimacy， promoting their financial strength and allowing them to offer a broader range of services， of high quality， supported by a large

12、 and well-qualified staffing establishment. A range of specific advantages were identified ， including comprehensive local business membership， balanced representation of local economic interests， legitimacy as the voice of local business ， responsiveness to members wishes ， Chamber empowerment in d

13、ealing with the state， enhanced lobbying power， improved forward planning and enhanced efficiency and effectiveness. Disadvantages of compulsory membership A number of problems with compulsory membership were identified by French and German respondents. These included lack of general business awaren

14、ess of Chamber services， the underuse of services by some members， and conflicts of interest amongst members. Paradoxically， both a big firm bias and a SME bias were put forward as a disadvantage. UK respondents suggested that problems include the danger of lower responsiveness to members needs， wit

15、h Chamber membership being valued less by involuntary member companies， and resulting poorer relationships between Chambers and members. Advantages of non-statutory membership UK respondents considered that there was no need for compulsory membership to be introduced into the British Chamber system，

16、 arguing that the advantages of non-statutory membership were that it allows a focus on the needs of members， ensures closeness to the market on the part of Chambers， and good relationships with members. They suggested that voluntary membership leads both to member commitment and to Chamber legitima

17、cy. Disadvantages of non-statutory membership UK respondents identified no such disadvantages. In contrast， however， one German respondent suggested that non-statutory membership actually reduces UK Chambers independence， by forcing them to rely heavily on government for funding， thus compromising C

18、hambers in their dealings with the state on behalf of businesses. Funding arrangements Advantages of statutory funding In terms of Chamber funding arrangements French and German respondents took the view that statutory income， based on compulsory subscriptions and local business tax levies， leads to

19、 a number of advantages of Chambers and their members. For Chambers， this provides them with a stable secure and reliable income， largely free of government control， and substantial enough to fund a high standard of services for local businesses and other Chamber services， including infrastructure investments. Chambers are able to plan future activities with confidence and can