外文翻译--公交路线网络设计问题：回顾（节选）

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1、外文原文：http:/  中文 4270 字     本科毕业设计   外文文献及译文    文献、资料题目： Transit Route Network Design Problem:   Review 文献、资料来源：  文献、资料发表（出版）日期：   院  （部）：  xxx 专     业：  xxx 班     级： xxx 姓     名： xxx 学     号：  xx

2、x 指导教师：  xxx 翻译日期：  xxx  - 1 - 外文文献：  Transit Route Network Design Problem: Review  K Kepaptsoglou, M Karlaftis  Journal of transportation engineering, 135(8), 491505, 2009 Abstract: Efficient design of public transportation networks has attracted much interest in the t

3、ransport literature and practice, with many models and approaches for formulating the associated transit route network design problem (TRNDP) having been developed. The present paper systematically presents and reviews research on the TRNDP based on the three distinctive parts of the TRNDP setup: de

4、sign objectives, operating environment parameters and solution approach. Introduction Public transportation is largely considered as a viable option for sustainable transportation in urban areas, offering advantages such as mobility enhancement, traffic congestion and air pollution reduction, and en

5、ergy conservation while still preserving social equity considerations. Nevertheless, in the past decades, factors such as socioeconomic growth, the need for personalized mobil- ity, the increase in private vehicle ownership and urban sprawl have led to a shift towards private vehicles and a decrease

6、 in public transportations share in daily commuting (Sinha 2003； TRB 2001； EMTA 2004； ECMT 2002； Pucher et al. 2007). Ef- forts for encouraging public transportation use focuses on im- proving provided services such as line capacity, service frequency, coverage, reliability, comfort and service qual

7、ity which are among the most important parameters for an efficient public transportation system (Sinha 2003； Vuchic 2004). In this context, planning and designing a cost and service ef- ficient public transportation network is necessary for improving its competitiveness and market share. The problem

8、 that formally describes the design of such a public transportation network is referred to as the transit route network design problem (TRNDP)； it focuses on the optimization of a number of objectives repre- senting the efficiency of public transportation networks under op- erational and resource co

9、nstraints such as the number and length of public transportation routes, allowable service frequencies, and number of available buses (Chakroborty 2003； Fan and Ma- chemehl 2006a,b). The practical importance of designing public transportation networks has attracted considerable interest in the resea

10、rch com- munity which has developed a variety of approaches and models for the TRNDP including different levels of design detail and complexity as well as interesting algorithmic innovations. In this paper we offer a structured review of approaches for the TRNDP； researchers will obtain a basis for

11、evaluating existing research and identifying future research paths for further improving TRNDP models. Moreover, practitioners will acquire a detailed presenta- tion of both the process and potential tools for automating the design of public transportation networks, their characteristics, ca- pabili

12、ties, and strengths.    - 2 - Design of Public Transportation Networks Network design is an important part of the public transportation operational planning process (Ceder 2001). It includes the design of route layouts and the determination of associated operational characteristics such as

13、 frequencies, rolling stock types, and so on. As noted by Ceder and Wilson (1986), network design elements are part of the overall operational planning process for public transportation networks； the process includes five steps: (1) de- sign of routes； (2) setting frequencies； (3) developing timetab

14、les；(4) scheduling buses； and (5) scheduling drivers. Route layout design is guided by passenger flows: routes are established to provide direct or indirect connection between locations and areas that generate and attract demand for transit travel, such as resi- dential and activity related centers

15、(Levinson 1992). For example, passenger flows between a central business district (CBD) and suburbs dictate the design of radial routes while demand for trips between different neighborhoods may lead to the selection of a circular route connecting them. Anticipated service coverage, transfers, desir

16、able route shapes, and available resources usually determine the structure of the route network. Route shapes are usually constrained by their length and directness (route direct- ness implies that route shapes are as straight as possible between connected points), the usage of given roads, and the

17、overlapping with other transit routes. The desirable outcome is a set of routes connecting locations within a service area, conforming to given design criteria. For each route, frequencies and bus types are the operational characteristics typically determined through design. Calculations are based o

18、n expected passenger volumes along routes that are estimated empirically or by applying transit assign- ment techniques, under frequency requirement constraints (mini- mum and maximum allowed frequencies guaranteeing safety and tolerable waiting times, respectively), desired load factors, fleet,size

19、, and availability. These steps as well as the overall design process have been largely based upon practical guidelines, the expert judgment of transit planners, and operators experience (Baaj and Mahmassani 1991). Two handbooks by Black (1995) and Vuchic (2004) outline frameworks to be followed by

20、planners when designing a public transportation network that include: (1) establishing the objectives for the network； (2) defining the op- erational environment of the network (road structure, demand pat- terns, and characteristics)； (3) developing； and (4) evaluating alternative public transportat

21、ion networks. Despite the extensive use of practical guidelines and experi- ence for designing transit networks, researchers have argued that empirical rules may not be sufficient for designing an efficient transit network and improvements may lead to better quality and more efficient services. For

22、example, Fan and Machemehl (2004) noted that researchers and practitioners have been realizing that systematic and integrated approaches are essential for designing economically and operationally efficient transit networks. A sys- tematic design process implies clear and consistent steps and as- sociated techniques for designing a public transportation network, which is the scope of the TRNDP.