土木专业外文翻译----土木工程的发展

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1、Development Tendency and Instructions of Civil Engineering With the progress in science and technology and engineering development of the practice of the disciplines of Civil Engineering has developed into a broad connotation, many categories, and the structure of complex integrated system. For exam

2、ple, on civil engineering projects built with the use of facilities in terms of functionality, and some interest for residential purposes； Some production activities； some for land, sea and air transport； some for water utilities； some as a tool for information transmission； some as a means of energ

3、y transmission and so on. This requires the integrated use of a variety of civil engineering material conditions in order to meet diverse needs. Civil Engineering has developed a lot of branches, such as housing projects, railway projects, road projects, airport projects, bridge projects, the tunnel

4、 and underground engineering, special engineering structures, water supply and drainage works, urban heating for the gas works, port works, water conservancy engineering sciences. Some of these branches, such as water conservancy project, because of their own projects targeted at the growing and spe

5、cialized scientific and technological development have been divided out from the civil engineering disciplines as an independent system, but they are still largely in common with civil engineering. Civil Sociality are accompanied by the development of human society developed. It reflects the constru

6、ction of engineering facilities in every historical period of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technical development of the face, thus civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness. Ancient times, people will start to build simple houses, roads, bridges to meet the n

7、eeds of easy living and production needs. Later, the people in order to adapt to the war, production and dissemination of religious life and the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings. Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativ

8、ity. For example, Chinas Great Wall, Du Jiang Yan, the Grand Canal, Zhao Zhou Bridge, Ying Xian Wooden Tower, Egypts pyramids, the Greek Parthenon, Romes water supply engineering, coliseum amphitheater (Rome large bucket beast field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on. Aft

9、er the industrial revolution, especially to the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forwards a new demand； on the other hand, are all areas of society for the advancement of Civil Engineering has created favorable conditions. Such as building materials (steel, cement) implementation

10、of industrial production, machinery and energy technology, and design theory of progress are provided for the Civil Engineering Materials and technical assurance. Thus this period has been rapid development of civil engineering. Emerged around the world at large-scale modernization of industrial pla

11、nts, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, large-span bridges, large-diameter pipelines, long tunnels, the Grand Canal, big dams, big airports, major seaports and marine engineering and so on. Modern civil society continue to create for mankind a new physical environment, human s

12、ociety and modern civilization has become an important part. Practical Civil Engineering is a highly practical subject. In the early days, through the Engineering Practice of Civil Engineering, sum up successful experiences, especially the lessons learn from the failure of developed. From the beginn

13、ing the 17th century to Galileo and Newton as the forerunner of modern mechanical and civil engineering practice, and has gradually formed material mechanics, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, and rock mechanics, as the basic theory of civil engineering disciplines. This Civil Engineering from

14、the experience gradually developed into a science. Civil Engineering at the development process, engineering practice and experience often first in theory, works often show that the accident was unable to foresee that the new factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far,

15、many works deal with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience. The reason why the development of civil engineering technology major with engineering practice rather than by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, there are two reasons: First, some of the objecti

16、ve situation is too complicated, it is difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and theoretical analysis. For example, ground-based foundation, tunnels and underground engineering stress and deformation state and its changes over time is still necessary to refer to an analysis o

17、f engineering experience to judge. The second is only for new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise building, high-rise tower mast and large cross-bridges, the wind resistance and seismic engineering highlighted the problem in order to dev

18、elop this new theory and technology. Technically, economically as well as building up the unity of the arts people seek the most economical to build an engineering facility is scheduled to meet the needs of users, including the aesthetic requirements. While a project is economic and technical activi

19、ties are closely related. Projects economic performance at the outset of the project site, on the overall planning, followed by performance at the design and construction technical. The total investment for project construction, the project is completed after the period of economic efficiency and th

20、e use of the maintenance costs are measured works of an important aspect of the economy. Close contact that these technical issues, be considered. Meet the functional requirements of civil engineering facilities as a space for art, first and foremost through the overall layout of the body itself, th

21、e various parts of the size of the ratio of lines, colors, light and shade and the shadow of the surrounding environment, including its coordination with the natural harmony manifested； followed by the adoption of the Additional engineering facilities in the local decorative reflected. Engineering f

22、acilities and decorative shapes can also show places style, ethnic style and time style? Civil Engineering at the long-term practice, people not only to the building housing the arts to give considerable attention, and achieved outstanding success； but also for other engineering facilities, but also

23、 through the choice of different building materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with the natural environment built on very much in the art is beautiful, functional works also very good. Ancient China the Great Wall, much of the modern world on TV and oblique Zhang bridg

24、es, are examples in this regard. Civil Engineering is the construction of various projects and facilities, collectively referred to science and technology. It refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out the investigation, design, construction, maintenance and other technical ac

25、tivities； also refers to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground or underground, on land or water, directly or indirectly, for human life , production, military, scientific research services for a variety of engineering facilities, such as housing, roads, railways, pipelines, tun

26、nels, bridges, canals, dams, ports, power plants, airports, offshore platforms, water supply and drainage and protection works. Construction material and engineering facilities are basic land, building materials, construction equipment and construction machinery. With these material conditions, economic and convenient built to meet the people can use requirements and aesthetic requirements, but also to tolerate the various loads security engineering facilities, civil engineering disciplines are the starting point and destination.