土木工程毕业设计--外文翻译

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1、IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 1 1 Introduction and scope 1.1 Aims of the Manual This Manual provides guidance on the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete building structures. Structures designed in accordance with this Manual will normally comply with DD ENV 1992-1-1: 19921 (hereina

2、fter referred to as EC2). 1.2 Eurocode system The structural Eurocodes were initiated by the European Commission but are now produced by the Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN) which is the European standards organization, its members being the national standards bodies of the EU and EFTA countries

3、,e.g. BSI. CEN will eventually publish these design standards as full European Standards EN (Euronorms), but initially they are being issued as Prestandards ENV. Normally an ENV has a life of about 3 years to permit familiarization and trial use of the standard by member states. After formal voting

4、by the member bodies, ENVs are converted into ENs taking into account the national comments on the ENV document. At present the following Eurocode parts have been published as ENVs but as yet none has been converted to an EN: DD ENV 1991-1-1: Basis of design and actions on structures (EC1) DD ENV 19

5、92-1-1: Design of concrete structures (EC2) DD ENV 1993-1-1: Design of steel structures (EC3) DD ENV 1994-1-1: Design of composite steel and concrete structures (EC4) DD ENV 1995-1-1: Design of timber structures (EC5) DD ENV 1996-1-1: Design of masonry structures (EC6) DD ENV 1997-1-1: Geotechnical

6、design (EC7) DD ENV 1998-1-1: Earthquake resistant design of structures (EC8) DD ENV 1999-1-1: Design of aluminium alloy structures (EC9) Each Eurocode is published in a number of parts, usually with General rules and Rules for buildings in Part 1. The various parts of EC2 are: Part 1.1 General rule

7、s and rules for buildings； Part 1.2 Supplementary rules for structural fire design； Part 1.3 Supplementary rules for precast concrete elements and structures； Part 1.4 Supplementary rules for the use of lightweight aggregate concrete； IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 2 Part 1.5 Supplementary ru

8、les for the use of unbonded and external prestressing tendons； Part 1.6 Supplementary rules for plain or lightly reinforced concrete structures； Part 2.0 Reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges； Part 3.0 Concrete foundations； Part 4.0 Liquid retaining and containment structures. All Eurocodes fo

9、llow a common editorial style. The codes contain Principles and Application rules. Principles are general statements, definitions, requirements and sometimes analytical models. All designs must comply with the Principles, and no alternative is permitted. Application rules are rules commonly adopted

10、in design. They follow the Principles and satisfy their requirements. Alternative rules may be used provided that compliance with the Principles can be demonstrated. Some parameters in Eurocodes are designated by | _ | , commonly referred to as boxed values. The boxed values in the Codes are indicat

11、ive guidance values. Each member state is required to fix the boxed value applicable within its jurisdiction. Such information would be found in the National Application Document (NAD) which is published as part of each ENV. There are also other purposes for NADs. NAD is meant to provide operational

12、 information to enable the ENV to be used. For certain aspects of the design, the ENV may refer to national standards or to CEN standard in preparation or ISO standards. The NAD is meant to provide appropriate guidance including modifications required to maintain compatibility between the documents.

13、 Very occasionally the NAD might rewrite particular clauses of the code in the interest of safety or economy. This is however rare. 1.3 Scope of the Manual The range of structures and structural elements covered by the Manual is limited to building structures that do not rely on bending in columns f

14、or their resistance to horizontal forces and are also non-sway. This will be found to cover the vast majority of all reinforced and prestressed concrete building structures. In using the Manual the following should be noted: The Manual has been drafted to comply with ENV 1992-1-1 together with the U

15、K NAD Although British Standards have been referenced as loading codes in Sections 3 and 6, to comply with the UK NAD, the Manual can be used in conjunction with other loading codes The structures are braced and non-sway The concrete is of normal weight The structure is predominantly in situ Prestre

16、ssed concrete members have bonded or unbonded internal tendons The Manual can be used in conjunction with all commonly used materials in construction； however the data given are limited to the following: IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 3 concrete up to characteristic cylinder strength of 50N/m

17、m2 (cube strength 60 2N/mm ) high-tensile reinforcement with characteristic strength of 460 2N/mm mild-steel reinforcement with characteristic strength of 250 2N/mm prestressing tendons with 7-wire low-relaxation (Class 2) strands High ductility (Class H) has been assumed for: all ribbed bars and gr

18、ade 250 bars, and ribbed wire welded fabric in wire sizes of 6mm or over Normal ductility (Class N) has been assumed for plain or indented wire welded fabric. For structures or elements outside this scope EC2 should be used. 1.4 Contents of the Manual The Manual covers the following design stages: general principles that govern the design of the layout of the structure initial sizing of members estimating of quantities of reinforcement and prestressing tendons final design of members.