交通噪音外文翻译
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1、附录 英文文献原文 Traffic noise causes a lot of concern in the population. It annoys, disturbs sleep andcan cause cardiovascular problems in chronically noise-exposed subjects.Approximately 50 million people in the European community are exposed to soundlevels from road traffic at home, that are suspected o
2、f increasing the risk ofcardiovascular disorders. The noise effects hypothesis is based on the general stressmodel. The mechanism includes arousal of the sympathetic and endocrine system.Heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormones and classical biological risk factors of ischaemic heart disease (IHD
3、) are affected by the noise. In epidemiological studies,subjects who live in noise exposed areas show a higher prevalence of high bloodpressure and IHD (including myocardial infarction). It is estimated thatapproximately 3 per cent of IHD cases in the general population may be attributed totraffic n
4、oise. 1. Introduction It is common experience that noise is unpleasant and affects the quality of life. Itdisturbs and interferes with activities of the individual including concentration,communication, relaxation and sleep (WHO, 2000a and 2000b; Schwela, 2000).Besides the psychosocial effects of co
5、mmunity noise, there is concern about theimpact of noise on public health, particularly regarding cardiovascular outcomes(Suter, 1992; Passchier-Vermeer and Passchier, 2000; Stansfeld et al., 2000a).Nonauditoryhealth effects of noise have been studied in humans for a couple of decadesusing laborator
6、y and empirical methods. Biological reaction models have beenderived which are based on the general stress concept (Henry and Stephens, 1977;Isinget al., 1980; Lercher, 1996). The noise-hypothesis is nowadays wellestablished, and large-scale epidemiological studies have been carried out for a longti
7、me (Babisch, 2000).Studies suggest, that transportation noise is associated with adversecardiovascular effects, in particular ischaemic heart disease. Other important healthendpoints that have intensively been investigated in relation to chronic noiseexposure are disrupted sleep (Ouis, 1999; Passchi
8、er-Vermeer, 2003a and 2003b),mental health (Stansfeld et al., 2000b), and effects on the endocrine system (Isingand Braun, 2000; Babisch 2003). This article focuses on the impact of ambient noiseon the prevalence and incidence of hypertension and ischaemic heartdiseases(including myocardial infarcti
9、on) as severe health endpoints. 1.1. Traffic noise level The A-weighted long-term average sound pressure level is used to describe the noiseexposure at the facades of the peoples homes (LAeq). A distinction is often madebetween the exposure during the day (6-22 hr) and the night (22-6 hr). To assess
10、 anoverall indicator of the noise exposure, a weighted average was usually calculated(Ldn), giving a 10 dB(A) penalty to the night period. The new directive of theEuropean Union on the assessment and management of environmental noiseconsiders a weighted long-term average (Lden) of the sound pressure
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