1、1 中文 3400 字， 2000 单词， 10800 英文字符 出处： Fang C, Yang D, Wang M. Migration and Labor Mobility in ChinaJ. MPRA Paper, 2009. Migration and Labor Mobility in China Rural Reform and Labor Mobility Prior to 1978 China had been a typical dual society characterized by economic and institutional segmentation be
2、tween rural and urban areas. Rural labor forces were not allowed to work in off-farm activities or out of collective farms. Meanwhile, the economic development in coastal areas started creating employment opportunities for farmers. As a result, there was no migration in China during that period. The
3、 “household responsibility system (HRS)” initiated in late 1970s made rural households the residual claimants of their marginal effort, thus solving the long-standing incentive problems associated with the egalitarian compensation rules created in the commune system. At the same time, the pricing sy
4、stem of agricultural products was altered, which stimulated the increase in farm productivity, thus releasing surplus labor from agriculture. The higher returns to labor in non-agricultural sectors motivated farmers to migrate out of agriculture. As the result of labor mobility from agricultural to
5、non-agricultural sectors and from rural to urban areas, labor markets began to develop and migration appeared (Cai, et al., 2003; Fan, 2008). In the early 1980s when various institutional barriers deterring labor mobility had not been significantly removed, the government encouraged rural laborers t
6、o “leave the land without leaving the village (litu bulixiang)”. In addition to some small-scaled self- employment activities, the most important channels through which the farmers to move for off-farm employment was the township and village enterprises (TVEs). Employment in TVEs increased from 28.3 million in 1978 up to 146.8 million in 2006, which accounted for 9.2% and 27.7% of rural labor forces in the two years respectively. Having encountered with strong competition from state-owned en
