1、中文 5500 字 ,3700 单词， 2 万英文字符 出处： Perspectives U. Urban and Landscape PerspectivesM/ Urban and landscape perspectives. Springer, 2012. URBAN AND LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVES Part II Planning and Governance Chapter 3New Trend of Landscape Planning and Design in Japan Abstract： In Japan, we have a long tradit
2、ion of gardening since seventh century. Originally, it was developed by the influence from China and Korea, however,gradually the style of Japanese garden had been established. The characteristic of Japanese garden is divided into three aspects. The first is the creation of microcosmos, even though
3、the size of garden were tiny. The second is the methodology of gardening which is always tried to integrate with the surrounding landscapes.The third is the emphasis of concept of time, through the delicate planting design.Based on above common principals, various Japanese gardens, such as Zen garde
4、n,tea ceremony garden, strolling around garden, has been developed up until the middle of the nineteenth century before the modernization took place. This era could be called as Era of Culture. After Meiji Revolution in 1868, Japan experienced rapid modernization. It was a departure from traditional
5、 methodology of gardening, and the modern park movement took place all over Japan. The modern park movement of Japan was totally different from western one. It was not the revolutionary citizen movement, but a kind of historical heritage preservation movement, related with the reformation of land ta
6、x system of new government. The old shrines, temples and ruins of castles were designated as a modern park, and owe to this policy, precious historical gardens and landscapes were preserved. The landscape planning and design related with city planning, introduced through the reconstruction from the Great Kan to Earthquake in 1923, and it was succeeded to the reconstruction plan after the World War II. The methodology was the park system, which was intended to prevent the expansion of fire
