1、 1 1900 单词， 10200 英文字符， 3150 汉字 出处： Chotibhongs D A R. Detection and prevention of unbalanced bidsJ. Construction Management & Economics, 2009, 27(8):721-732. Detection and prevention of unbalanced bids DAVID ARDITI* and RANON CHOTIBHONGS Unbalanced bidding is a serious problem for the construction
2、owner because it may increase the cost of construction The most common way to mathematically unbalance a bid is frontloading where a bidder overstates the unit price of line items scheduled to be performed early in the project and understates the unit price of line items performed later. A bidder ca
3、n also overstate the unit price of a line item whose quantity was somehow underrated by the engineer. If the owner proves that a mathematically unbalanced bid costs more to perform, the bid is said to be materially unbalanced, in which case the owner can reject the bid. A model is presented that for
4、malizes and automates the process of detecting mathematically and materially unbalanced bids by comparing line item prices with the engineers estimates and the average prices offered by the bidders. This model allows owners to detect and reject unbalanced bids, and deters bidders from unbalancing th
5、eir bid. Keywords: Bids, mathematical models, financial management, construction costs, optimization. Introduction Unbalanced bids constitute a serious problem for construction owners. In competitive bidding, awarding a contract to an unbalanced bid may cause the owners overall project cost to get h
6、igher. In some cases, it generates contentious change orders (Manzo, 1997). The owner has the right to reject unbalanced bids, but it is hard to detect unbalancing. While Starks (1968, 1972, 1974) linear programming model of unbalancing bids in highway construction contracts is relatively easy to detect by the owner, Nassars (2004) research aims to unbalance a bid and not be caught in the process. Cattell et al. (2007) summarize methods of unbalancing bids and argue that a client is given
