1、PDF外文：http:/ 5400 字， 2950 单词 出处： Raadal H L, Gagnon L, Modahl I S, et al. Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the generation of wind and hydro powerJ. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(7): 3417-3422. 本 科 生 毕 业 论 文 文 献 翻译 &nb
2、sp; 题 目 水电和风电的生命周期温室气体排放 学 院 水利水电工程 专 业 水利水电工程 二 一 三年六月四日 外文翻译和原稿 1 LIFECYCLEGREENHOUSEGAS(GHG)EMISSIONSFROMTHEGENERATIONOFWINDANDHYDRO
3、POWER Hanne LercheRaadala,Luc Gagnonb,IngunnSaurModahla,OleJrgenHanssena aOstfoldResearch,GamleBeddingvei2B,N-1671Krkery,Norway bHydro-Qubec,75 RenLvesque W,Montreal,Qc, Canada, H2Z1A4 Abstract:ThispaperpresentsacomprehensiveoverviewofthelifecycleGHGemissionsfromwindandhydropowergenerati
4、on,basedonrelevantpublishedstudies.Comparisonswithconventionalfossil,nuclearandotherrenewablegenerationsystemsare alsopresented, in order to put theGHG emissions of windandhydro power in perspective. StudiesonGHGemissionsfromwindandhydropowershowlargevariationsinGHGemissions,varyingfrom0.2to15
5、2gCO2-equivalentsperkWh.ThemainparametersaffectingGHGemissionsarealsodiscussed in this article, in relation to these variations. Thewiderangingresultsindicateaneedforstricterstandardisedrulesandrequirementsforlife-cycleassessments(LCA),inordertodifferentiatebetweenvariationsduetomethodologicaldispar
6、itiesandthoseduetorealdifferencesinperformanceoftheplants.SinceLCA areresource-andtime-intensive,developmentofgenericGHGresultsforeachtechnologycouldbeanalternativetodevelopingspecificdataforeachplant.Thiswouldrequirethedefinitionoftypicalparametersforeachtechnology,forexampleatypicalcapacityfactorf
7、orwindpower.SuchgenericdatawouldbeusefulindocumentingGHGemissionsfrom electricitygeneration for electricitytrading purposes. 1. Introduction Allenergysystemsemitgreenhousegases(GHGs)andcontributeto anthropogenicclimatechange.Analysisofalltheupstreamanddownstreamprocessespertainingtoapowerplant
8、andtheassociatedGHGemissions,e.g.theelectricitygenerationstage,isnecessaryinordertoobtainacompleteclimateaccountofpowersystems.Ifthisisnotcarriedout,theGHGemissionsresultingfromthevariousoptionsforelectricity generationcanbeunderestimated.Forconventionalfossilfueltechnology,upstreamGHGemissionscanbe
9、asmuchas25%ofthedirectemissionsfromthepowerplant.Formostrenewableenergytechnologiesandnuclearpower,upstreamanddownstreamGHGemissionscanaccount for over 90%ofcumulative emissions1. ThispaperpresentsacomprehensiveoverviewofGHGemissionsfromwindandhydropowergenerationbasedonlife-cycleassessments(LCA),sh
10、owingthevariationsinGHG 外文翻译和原稿 2 emissionswithinhomogeneouspowergenerationtechnologies.ArangeofGHGemissionsarepresented,followedbyselectedfactoranalyses. ThefocusisonGHGemissions,despitethefactthatclimatechangeisonlyoneofseveralimportantenvironmentalimpactswhenassessingdifferent
11、generationtechnologies.ThisworkhasbeencarriedoutasapartoftheongoingresearchprojectEnergyTrading&Environment20202,whichfocusesonGHGemissionsasoneofthemostsignificantimpacts,accordingtotheEUElectricityDirective(2003/54/EG,article3).ThisEU Directiverequiresthatsuppliersofelectricitydisclosetheirele
12、ctricityportfoliowithregardtoenergy sourcesandtheirenvironmentalimpact,specifyingtheemissionsofCO2andtheamount of radioactive waste. Thepaperisorganisedasfollows:Section2:Presentationofdifferentmethodsforassessinglifecycleimpacts.Sections3and4:GHGemissionsfromthegenerationofwindandhydropower,respect
13、ively.Section5:Acomparisonoftheperformanceofwindandhydropowerinrelationtootherelectricitytechnologies.Section6:Discussionsandconclusions.Section 7: Recommendationsand outlook. 2. Life-cycleassessmentmethodsforelectricitygeneration TheLCAreferencedinthisarticlehavebeencarriedoutusingavar
14、ietyofmethods.Ashort presentation ofthesemethods is givenin thefollowing paragraphs. Energyanalysisisatoolusedtoassessbothdirectandindirectenergyrequirementsfortheprovisionofgoodsandservices3.Themethodisbasedonabottom-upapproach,whichmeansthatboththeenergyrequirementsofthemainproductionprocessesandsomeimportantcontributionsfromsuppliersare assessed indetail.
