1、中文 2735 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 中 文题目： 近期在中国内地农村地区改革和进步的发展 外文题目 : Recent Reforms And Progress In Rural Development In Mainland China 出 处： China Economic Issues,Number 5/07,June 2007 作 者： Raymond yip,Jun-yu Chan Nathan Chow 原 文： Recognising the economic disparity between rural and urban areas, the Mainland auth
2、orities have been placing increasing emphasis on building a new socialist countryside in recent years as a key element in sustaining the Mainlands robust growth and enhancing social harmony. Wide ranging reforms have been undertaken in policy areas such as taxation, rural finance, healthcare and edu
3、cation, with a view to increasing disposable income, fostering efficient resource allocation, as well as improving social provisions in rural areas. While it takes time for reform measures to address issues of a structural nature,there are signs that the living standard of rural residents has improv
4、ed more noticeably over the past few years. Most notably, the growth rate of rural income has accelerated to catch up with its urban counterpart, and the rural-urban income gap has started to stabilize.Poverty reduction has also progressed at a rapid pace. The ongoing policy efforts are expected to
5、show fuller impacts over the medium to long term in enhancing productivity in rural areas and improving the well-being of rural residents. Rural finance The financial system in rural areas has long been characterised by a lack of access to capital by farmers and small rural enterprises. High informa
6、tion collection costs and small loan sizes have rendered the lending business to the agricultural sector unprofitable for rural financial institutions. Also, loans to individual peasants, whose repayment ability is impaired by their limited pricing power in the increasingly competitive markets, repr
7、esent a risky asset class from the perspective of lending institutions. As a result, rural financial institutions have strong incentives to use rural deposits for lending in urban areas to enhance their returns. The lack of credit from formal financial institutions then forces peasants to resort to
8、relatives, friends or even usuries for funds. These informal funding sources are estimated to have satisfied more than 70% of borrowing needs in rural areas. To address these problems, the central government has taken steps to restructure the rural financial institutions, including Rural Credit Coop
9、eratives (RCCs), the China Postal Savings Bank (CPSB) and the Agricultural Development Bank of China (ADBC). The aim is to transform them into competitive and commercially oriented institutions for offering a wide range of financial services to rural households and businesses, as well as improving t
10、he efficiency of financial intermediation in rural areas (Diagram 1). Diagram RCCs are by far the most important financial institution providing credit to rural households in China, holding roughly 12% of total deposits and accounting for 91% of all agricultural loans at end-2006. However, lending p
11、rocesses of RCCs have long been characterised as bureaucratic and costly, since day-to-day operations are subject to significant influence from local leaders and the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC). Recognising this, a pilot RCC reform program was launched in 2003 to shift more responsibi
12、lity for RCC governance to provincial and county governments, aiming ultimately at transforming township level RCCs into more commercially oriented institutions such as rural commercial banks and rural cooperative banks. A key component of the pilot program is the enhanced financial support for RCCs
13、 provided by the Peoples Bank of China (PBoC), which directly boosts RCCs lending capacity by purchasing substantial portions ofnon-performing loans held by RCCs with special central bank bills. The bills will then be redeemed by the PBoC if capital adequacy and governance of RCCs are subsequently i
14、mproved. Another significant reform of improving the rural financial infrastructure is the transformation of the Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau (PSRB) into the CPSB in March 2007, which implies that the substantial postal savings funds are more readily available to rural areas. Previously the
15、PSRB engaged in deposit taking and remittance services in postal offices without offering loans. Its huge branch network, as well as sizeable client and deposit base, make the newly established CPSB the fifth largest bank in China. The bank is required to focus on the retail and intermediary banking
16、 sectors, providing basic financial services particularly for rural households and companies. The establishment of the bank therefore marked a substantial step in Chinas rural financial reform, greatly increasing supply of credit to the rural population. Likewise, the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC
17、), the second largest bank in China in terms of assets, will potentially become an important player in rural finance in the future after undergoing the necessary financing restructuring already completed by the other three state-owned nationwide commercial banks. Financing for small and medium-sized
18、 enterprises (SMEs) has been identified by the central government as a key financial sector development in Mainland China and this is particularly important in rural areas. The ADBC, established in 1994, has been participating in financing infrastructure and contributes greatly to the urbanization process at the county level in rural China.One key initiative of the ADBC in recent years is to improve SME finance. In particular, the ADBC set up a new department in 2005 to provide technical assistance and lines of credit to commercial banks that are
