1、山东建筑大学 毕业 设计 外文文献及译文 - 1 - 外文文献： GRAPHICAL-BASED MULTISTAGE SCHEDULING METHOD FOR RC BUILDINGS Y. C. HUANG Department of Construction Management, Hwa Hsia Institute of Technology and Commerce, 111 Hwa Hsin Street,Chung Ho City, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan, Republic of China Received 13 February 2004； accep
2、ted 4 March 2005 In Taiwan, contractors are becoming specialized in certain types of construction in an increasingly competitive environment and this specialization requires some scheduling models to provide better scheduling results for each type of construction. A new practical method, Graphical-B
3、ased Multistage Scheduling Method (GMSM),for scheduling RC building superstructures is presented herein. From the analysis of characteristics and construction custom of RC buildings, four constraints, (a) downup construction, (b) building inspection, (c) reuse of beam forms, and (d) reuse of slab fo
4、rms, can be established. The GMSM is developed utilizing a graphical-based method and the concept of resource reuse, and the general form of the GMSM to be facilely implemented in any worksheet software is derived as well. The results of this study provide some quantitative information as a useful g
5、uide for scheduling RC building superstructures. Keywords: Multistage scheduling, repetitive project, RC building, GMSM Introduction In Taiwan, contractors are becoming specialized in certain types of construction in an increasingly competitive environment and this specialization requires some sched
6、uling models to provide a better scheduling for each type of construction. The majority of high-rise buildings located in urban areas in Taiwan are RC structures. It is deemed crucial for high-rise buildings that a scheduling model for this type of construction can not only increase profits but also
7、 reduce the impact on urban traffic. Of the high-rise buildings constructed to date, the network planning technique has been 山东建筑大学 毕业 设计 外文文献及译文 - 2 - commonly adopted in scheduling. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most popular one； for instance, prevalent scheduling software such as MS Proje
8、ct, Primavera Project Planner, etc., were developed based on CPM. However, assuming that all activities are independent, the CPM does not take into consideration the resource reuse where there is repetition of identical activities on every floor. OBrien (1975) proposed that high-rise building be div
9、ided into two categories: (1) non-repetitive works, such as earthworks, foundations, and non-typical floor plans； and (2) repetitive works, such as superstructures with standard floor designs. In the former category, CPM is utilized to execute scheduling. For the latter, a scheduling model suitable
10、for repetitive construction has to be developed. Reda (1990) and Cole (1991) also demonstrated the necessity of scheduling for repetitive projects. This study, according to OBriens suggestion, is to develop a graphical-based scheduling method applicable to repetitive projects of RC building superstr
11、uctures so that the most popularly practiced construction method in Taiwan, sitecast concrete structures with wooden forms, may be in line with it. Literature reviews The theoretical scheduling approach of repetitive projects is based on the principle of Assembly Line Balance, in which there are two
12、 premises: (1) work continuity for each activity from one unit to the next, and (2) appropriateness for the lower-bound limit of construction intervals between adjacent activities within the same unit. The principal methods for repetitive scheduling are the Line of Balance (LOB) method and the Linea
13、r Scheduling Method (LSM). The difference between them is that the duration between units having identical activities is assumed as a constant for LOB method, and variable for LSM (Moselhi and Khaled, 1993). In recent decades, for the scheduling of repetitive projects, a number of methodologies have
14、 been developed, such as linear programming (Handa and Barcia, 1986； Reda, 1990 (RPM)； Russell and Caselton, 1998), dynamic programming (Selinger, 1980； Russell and Caselton, 1988； Eldin and Senouci, 1994； Senouc and Eldin, 1996； El-Rayes and Moselhi, 2001), simulation (Halpin, 1977 (CYCLONE)； Ashle
15、y, 1980； Kavanagh, 1985 (SIREN)； AbouRizk and Halpin, 1990； Lutz et al., 1994； Chehayeb and AbouRizk, 1998； Shi and AbouRizk, 1998), neural 山东建筑大学 毕业 设计 外文文献及译文 - 3 - network (Adeli and Karim, 1997), and genetic algorithms (Hegazy and Wassef, 2001； Leu and Hwang, 2001). The common assumption of the
16、above-mentioned studies is the work continuity for each activity from one unit to the next, or the work continuity on partial units. Wang and Huang (1998) presented a multistage linear scheduling (MLS) method to tackle the problem of adjacent activities of the same unit restricted by an upper limit
17、of the interval time. It has been found from the MLS method that the interval between the start times for adjacent units at least equals the longest duration among all activities in a unit. Moreover, some scheduling methods for high-rise buildings have been presented. OBrien (1975) presented the Ver
18、tical Production Method (VPM), adopting the concept of an assembly line with a predetermined progress rate of each activity. A graphical technique was incorporated to inspect each activity with regard to whether the construction logic is achieved or not. Thabet and Beliveau (1994) analyzed the start
19、 time of each activity within a unit, and established a Horizontal and Vertical Logic Scheduling (HVLS) procedure to manage both horizontal and vertical constraints in high-rise building. This scheduling procedure can be implemented based on critical floors, determined by horizontal and/or vertical
20、constraints as specified by the users. In addition, Thabet and Beliveau (1997) used a knowledge-based system to adjust the HVLS procedure so that it would satisfy the constraints of field space and useful resources. Nevertheless, as these models satisfy the assumption of continuous work of identical
21、 activities on (partial) floors, they are applicable to steel structures or SRC structures. The purpose of this paper is to present a scheduling model for RC multistory buildings. The proposed model, a graphical-based method, is based on the concept of resource reuse with plain mathematical means to
22、 determine the start time for each floor of RC buildings. Details of assumptions and formulation of the GMSM are presented in what follows. Assumptions and constraints Assumptions： Through analysis of the characteristics and custom of constructing RC building superstructures, underlying assumptions on which to base the GMSM were induced and are summarized as follows:
