1、7400 英文单词， 4 万英文字符 ， 中文 1.3 万字 文献出处： Vatn A. Environmental governancefrom public to private?J. Ecological economics, 2018, 148: 170-177. Environmental Governance From Public to Private? Arild Vatn Abstract This paper analyzes the expanded role of private actors and markets in environmental governanc
2、e. The public goods dimension of environmental services renders privatization and trading challenging. To illustrate the key issues involved, a series of privatization efforts and market creations are reviewed. Despite the focus on privatization, the empirical material shows that the role of the sta
3、te is still very pronounced. It denes the commodities and property rights, and plays a key role in setting up and regulating the markets. In the case of payments for ecosystem services, public authorities even appear as the dominant trader. Privatization and markets may reduce costs of delivering th
4、e service, while this is not universally true. Moreover, the service delivered often is transformed to make trade possible. Finally, high transaction costs may prohibit the creation of markets. The conict between public goods delivery and private prot motive makes public control both important and d
5、ifficult. Finally, several distributional issues following this neo-liberal development are high- lighted. Keywords: Environmental Governance； Privatization； Market Creation； Public Goods； Motivation；Transaction Costs 1. Introduction Environmental governance is moving towards an expanded role for pr
6、ivate actors and markets. This neo-liberal trend includes e.g., privatization of environmental resources, programs like payments of eco- system services as well as carbon markets. Moreover, private rule- making have become increasingly important e.g., certication. This development represents a change in the institutional basis for the management of many environmental resources. Originally, environmental policy was dominated by public regulations based on legal and economic instrum
