1、5200 英文单词， 2.7 万英文字符 ， 中文 8600 字 文献出处： Davis A Y, Pijanowski B C, Robinson K, et al. The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United StatesJ. Land Use Policy, 2010, 27(2): 255-261. The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Amlie
2、Y. Davis, Bryan C. Pijanowski, Kimberly Robinson, Bernard Engel Abstract Urban sprawl is considered by most environmental scientists and urban planners to be a serious environ- mental problem. However, public perception about parking availability often forces planning ofces to recommend parking lot
3、sizes that exceed daily demands. The recent trend of increasing the size of stores, churches and even schools comes with increasing the size of parking lots that service these buildings. The objective of this paper is to analyze space allocation of parking lots in a typical mid-western county and to
4、 estimate the supply of parking spaces to potential demand. We also estimate the loss of ecosystem services represented by the area of parking lots in this county. We found that parking lots cover 5.65 km2 (1 397 acres) of Tippecanoe County, Indiana which implies that 0.44% of the county area is dev
5、oted to parking lots. Our results show that there are approximately 2.2 parking spaces per registered vehicle, that parking lots make up more than 6.57% of the total urban footprint in this county, that the area of park- ing lots exceeded the area of parks in the city limits by a factor of three and
6、 that parking lot runoff and pollutants are signicant compared to runoff and pollutants from these areas prior to their conversion to parking lots. As other authors have done before us we lament the poor use of land in urban regions of the United States, and encourage planners to think creatively about the use of land for parking. Keywords: Parking ;Automobile ;Parking lots; Parking spaces; Environmental impacts; Economic costs; Impervious surface ;Runoff; Heat islands Introduction America
