1、5300 英文单词， 3.2 万英文字符 ， 中文 1 万字 文献出处： Armitage D, De Lo R, Plummer R. Environmental governance and its implications for conservation practiceJ. Conservation Letters, 2012, 5(4): 245-255. Environmental governance and its implications for conservation practice Derek Armitage, Rob de Loe , & Ryan Plumme
2、r Abstract Governments are no longer the most important source of decision making in the environmental field. Instead, new actors are playing critical decision- making roles, and new mechanisms and forums for decision making are becoming important (e.g., in some contexts regulation is being suppleme
3、nted or replaced by markets and cooperative arrangements). New ways of governing in relation to the environment have important implications for the practice of conservation. Greater awareness of key ideas and concepts of environmental governance can help conservation managers and scientists particip
4、ate more effectively in governance processes. Understanding how conservation practice is influenced by emergent hybrid and network governance arrangements is particularly important. This short review explores key environmental governance concepts relevant to the practice of conservation, with specif
5、ic reference to institutional fit and scale; adaptiveness, flexibility and learning; the coproduction of knowledge from diverse sources; the emergence of new actors and their roles in governance; and changing expectations about accountability and legitimacy. Case-based examples highlight key directi
6、ons in environmental governance. Keywords: Adaptation; environmental conservation; conservation policy; resource management; sustainability. Introduction The era of management is over - Ludwig (2001) Environmental governance is a rapidly growing field in applied human-environment scholarship with implications for conservation practice. This article is aimed at current and future conservation managers and scientists who find themselves leading or participating in multistakeholder processes
