1、8500 英文单词， 4.9 万英文字符 ， 中文 15800 字 文献出处： Simonet D . Healthcare reforms and cost reduction strategies in Europe: The cases of Germany, UK, Switzerland, Italy and FranceJ. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 2010, 23(5):470-88. Healthcare reforms and cost reduction strategies in Eu
2、rope The cases of Germany, UK, Switzerland, Italy and France Daniel Simonet Abstract Purpose This paper aims to analyse health reforms carried out in a sample of European countries. Design/methodology/approach Using a country-specific approach, outstanding health reform features such as: greater com
3、petition between sickness funds in Germany; fund-holding practices in the UK; managed care models in Switzerland; health networks in France; and healthcare system decentralisation in Italy are analysed. Finding There have been different approaches to controlling healthcare costs. Some states relied
4、on public sector competition by creating quasi-markets (UK), insurance sector competition, particularly in Switzerland and Germany, organisational reforms in France by creating health networks and decentralisation in Italy. Research limitations/implications Societal and legal aspects are not discuss
5、ed. Originality/value The paper compares healthcare reform effectiveness in a number of western European countries. Keywords: Health services, Public sector reform, European Union Introduction Although the Bismarck and Beveridge doctrines inspired European health systems, both clashed during the sec
6、ond half of the twentieth century. The Bismarck model dates back to 1880 and covers the working population (for accidents, diseases, disability and retirement). Three laws: 1883 (sickness insurance); 1884 (work injury insurance), which later became the statutory industrial accident insurance; and 1889 (disability and elderly care), which became the statutory pension insurance, laid down its foundations. The Bismarck doctrine was based on paid work. Social security benef
