1、2700 英文单词， 1.5 万英文字符 ，中文 4600 字 文献出处： Wibowo, Andreas. Returns to Scale in Buildings Construction Costs: Indonesian CasesJ. Procedia Engineering, 2015, 125:18-24. Returns to scale in buildings construction costs: Indonesian cases Andreas Wibowo Abstract This paper examines returns to scale in buildi
2、ng constructions in Indonesia based on large sample sizes of different project types (i.e., hotel or apartment, hospital, office, campus, and plant). The analysis demonstrates that costs tended to vary with sizes at a constant rate, as shown by cost capacity factors close to unity, with the exceptio
3、n of campus cases that supported decreasing returns to scale. This finding affirms those of previous studies that non-constant returns to scale in cost-size relationships appear to weakly exist for building constructions. At the very least, it also implies that a simple unit-cost approach remains a
4、reliable method for early cost estimates. This paper also identifies some potential issues associated with constant returns-to-scale applications. Keywords: cost-capacity factor; constant returns to scale; regression analysis; building construction; Indonesia. 1. Introduction The relationship betwee
5、n costs and sizes in any production systems is rationally modeled as monotonic increasing functions. This argument should also apply to construction industries: larger project sizes would technically require more efforts and resources to complete, which lead to higher costs to incur. While this fact
6、 is self evident, a more compelling issue that merits attention of cost engineers is how the rates of increase in construction costs compare with those in sizes or capacities returns to scale. Cost-size functions may exhibit increasing, constant, decreasing returns to scale or a combination of different modes of returns to scale for different cost or size ranges. In process industries (e.g., chemical, pharmaceutical, petroleum, water treatment industries), the use of increasing returns-to-s
