1、6800 英文单词， 3.6 万英文字符 ，中文 1.1 万字 文献出处： Andreasson J, Johansson T. The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness CultureJ. Sport Science Review, 2014, 23(3-4):91-111. The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness Culture Jesper ANDR
2、EASSON Thomas JOHANSSON Today, fitness gyms and private health clubs are a huge global business. Fitness has turned into a folk movement, but not one comparable to the old 20th-century movements, often connected to national sentiments, but instead a highly individualized preoccupation. In this artic
3、le the historical development of modern gym and fitness culture is described and an analytically developed approach to the understanding of the emergence of this multi-billion-dollar phenomenon is developed. The analysis suggest that the techniques, tools, and physical exercises used today in gyms a
4、ll over the world are the results of a physical culture developed and refined during the 20th century. The body ideals, exercises, techniques, and the pedagogy of fit- ness have become an increasingly international enterprise. A tentative analysis of the globalization of gym and fitness culture is d
5、eveloped and presented. Three important and decisive phases in the globalization of gym and fitness culture are identified and analyzed. Keywords: fitness culture, history, body, globalization Since the 1970s we have been witnessing a global transformation and massive expansion of the fitness indust
6、ry. According to the International Health, Racquet & Sports Club Association (IHRSA), which is the trade association serving the health and fitness club industry, this global movement generated an estimated $75.7 billion in revenue in 2012, from more than 153,000 health clubs serving 131.7 million members (IHRSA, 2013). In Great Britain, subscriptions to private fitness clubs have risen steadily during recent decades, and a public survey shows that at the beginning of 2000, 14 percent of t
