1、中文 3600 字， 2100 英文单词， 11500 英文字符 文献出处： Ito K, Shimizu J. Industry Level Competitiveness, Productivity and Effective Exchange Rates in East AsiaJ. Asian Economic Journal, 2015, 29(2):181214. 一、 原文 Industry-Level Competitiveness, Productivity and Effective Exchange Rates in East Asia Keiko Ito and Jun
2、ko Shimizu In this paper, we investigate export competitiveness based on unit labor costs (ULC) and nominal effective exchange rates for Japan, China and Korea for 12 manufacturing industries at the two-digit International Standard Industrial Classi- fication level for the period 20012009. Japans UL
3、C are relatively stable or declining in most industries, while Koreas ULC show an upward trend in many industries, with the electrical and optical equipment industry being a major exception. Chinas ULC are declining in most industries. Evaluating ULC on a foreign currencies basis, Japans ULC increas
4、ed rapidly during the period of yen appreciation, suggesting that Japans cost reduction efforts were more than offset by the appreciation of the yen. The results of our empirical analysis suggest that both increases in ULC and appreciation of the home currency reduce exports by raising the home coun
5、trys relative prices. The negative impact of ULC is largest for China, while it is negligible for Japan. However, the negative impact of nominal effective exchange rates is largest for Japan. Moreover, the negative impact of ULC tends to be larger for machinery-related industries, suggesting that co
6、st competitiveness is particularly important in these industries. Keywords: competitiveness, industry-specific effective exchange rates, productivity, unit labor costs, unit multifactor costs. 1. Introduction Chinas emergence as a top manufacturing exporter has been attracting considerable attention around the world, and the trade patterns of China and other East Asian countries have been examined intensively in the field of international economics. Numerous empirical studies show
