1、 2000 单词， 1.1万英字符， 3570 汉字 出处： Johnston S F. Absorbing New Subjects: Holography as an Analog of PhotographyJ. Physics in Perspective, 2006, 8(2):164-188. Absorbing New Subjects: Holography as an Analog of Photography Sean F. Johnston I discuss the early history of holography and explore how percepti
2、ons, applications, and forecasts of the subject were shaped by prior experience. I focus on the work of Dennis Gabor (19001979) in England,Yury N. Denisyuk (b. 1924) in the Soviet Union, and Emmett N. Leith (19272005) and Juris Upatnieks (b. 1936) in the United States. I show that the evolution of h
3、olography was simul- taneously promoted and constrained by its identification as an analog of photography, an association that influenced its assessment by successive audiences of practitioners, entrepreneurs, and consumers. One consequence is that holography can be seen as an example of a modern te
4、chnical subject that has been shaped by cultural influences more powerfully than generally appreciated. Conversely, the understanding of this new science and technology in terms of an older one helps to explain why the cultural effects of holography have been more muted than anticipated by fore- cas
5、ters between the 1960s and 1990s. Key words: Dennis Gabor; Yury N. Denisyuk; Gabriel Lippmann; Emmett N. Leith; Juris Upatnieks; holography; photography; stereoscopy; art; wavefront reconstruction. Introduction The emergence of new subjects in science and technology is seldom a neutral process in so
6、ciety. Historians have long recognized that science, technology, and culture are interlinked, but generalizations about their relationships have tended to remain con- tentious because the strength and direction of their mutual influences have been dis- puted case by case. While some work in the history of science has focused on the evo- lution of new subjects, relatively few studies have explored directly how this process is influenced by preexisting technologies.1 I discuss the
