1、3700 英文 单词， 20000英文字符， 中文 6500字 出处： Hyer K G. The history of alternative fuels in transportation: The case of electric and hybrid carsJ. Utilities Policy, 2008, 16(2):63-71. The history of alternative fuels in transportation: The case of electric and hybrid cars Karl Georg Hyer Abstract The article
2、describes and presents a critical analysis of the long history of alternative fuels and propulsion technologies, particularly in automobile applications. Cases are electric and hybrid cars. The term critical analysis” refers to the analysis of the various alternative technologies in relation to thei
3、r societal contexts. In particular, these are the varying contexts of energy security, energy policy, environmental problems, sustainability, and also the later more explicit climate change context. This approach gives some knowledge with relevance to the current discussions on implementation issues
4、. The work is first of all founded on the knowledge field of Social Studies of Technological Systems”. Keywords: Alternative fuels history; Electric cars; Hybrid cars 1. Electric cars the early innovators The history of electric cars is closely related to the history of batteries (Wakefield, 1994; S
5、perling, 1995; Westbrook, 2001; Anderson and Anderson, 2005). The names of all the early innovators are still used today. In 1800, the Italian Alessandro Volta demonstrated that electric energy could be stored chemically. He himself was inspired by some earlier experiments made by his countryman Lui
6、gi Galvani. Galvani was a professor in medicine, who carried out some rather cruel experiments in which he observed the twitching of a frog5s leg when subjecting it to what would later be known as electric current. In 1821, the Briton Michael Farraday demonstrated the principles of the electric motoror generatorwhile applying Volta5s chemical pile as a component of his experiments. Later, in 1831, Farraday showed the principles of electromagnetic induction with the close relation be
