1、英文 1900 单词， 11900 英文单词， 中文 3350 字 文献出处： Mol A P. Urban environmental governance innovations in ChinaJ. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2009, 1(1):96-100. Urban environmental governance innovations in China Arthur PJ Mol Chinas system of environmental governance is changing rapidly,
2、resulting in new environmental institutions and practices. State authorities rule increasingly via laws and decentralise environmental policymaking and implementation. Non-state actors both private companies and (organised) citizens are given and taking more responsibilities and tasks in environment
3、al governance. This results in new relations between state, market and civil society in environmental governance, with more emphasis on efficiency, accountability and legitimacy. The diffusion of these governance innovations throughout China as well as their environmental effectiveness will be focal
4、 points for future research. Introduction While national systems of environmental governance in most OECD countries have shown a considerable degree of stability over the past two decades, in China environ- mental governance is in flux 1. Between 1991 and 2007, the staff of state environmental autho
5、rities increased from 70 000 to well over 170 000 and governmental environ- mental investments increased from RMB 10 billion to RMB 340 billion (and from 0.6% of GDP to 1.36% of GDP). Equally astonishing is the still ongoing trans- formation in environmental governance institutions, the subject of t
6、his review. The reasons behind these dynamics in environmental governance are manifold. A period with unprecedented economic growth and a massive increase in urbanisation have accelerated natural resource use and environmental pollution dramatically, certainly over the past decade. Secondly, both new state market relations following the transition of the former centrally planned economy and inadequate state environ- mental authorities called for new modes of and new actors in
