1、2150 英文单词， 12000英文字符，中文 3290字 文献出处： Karl J B, Nyce C. HOW CELLPHONE BANS AFFECT AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE MARKETSJ. Journal of Risk & Insurance, Vol. 9999, No. 9999, (2017)127. HOW CELLPHONE BANS AFFECT AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE MARKETS J. Bradley Karl ,Charles Nyce ABSTRACT In this article, we examine the ef
2、fect of laws prohibiting the hand-held use of a cellphone while driving on the automobile insurance market. Our research is motivated by prior studies that present evidence that the enactment of such laws alters drivers behaviors in ways that reduce the risk of automobile accidents. We posit that th
3、at, by extension, these laws should also lead to reductions in the amount of losses paid by private passenger automobile physical damage insurers. Our analysis indicates that the enactment of a ban on the hand-held use of a cellphone while driving reduces the incurred losses and incurred loss ratios
4、 of automobile insurers by approximately 3 percent, suggesting that these bans have important economic consequences not previously documented in the literature. Additional analysis suggests that hand-held cellphone bans eventually lead to incremental reductions in premiums, but we do not observe the
5、se reductions in premiums until a couple of years following the enactment of a ban. Our analysis of automobile insurance losses also represents a departure from most prior studies of cellphone bans and therefore contributes to the ongoing debate in the public health literature regarding the extent t
6、o which hand-held cellphone bans have implications for traffic safety. INTRODUCTION The safety of individuals operating automobiles is a paramount public health concern. Automobile crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States, and each year, millions of motorists are given emergency treatments for injuries arising out of automobile accidents (Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2015). In response, policymakers have enacted a variety of measures aimed at reducing the fre
