1、中文 1500字， 800单词， 4500英文字符 Atl Econ J (2013) 41:451452 DOI 10.1007/s11293-013-9382-2 A N T H O L O G Y Methodology to Reduce Bias in Tourism-Driven Economic Impact Studies L. Taylor Damonte & John G. Marcis & Thomas Rella Published online: 5 October 2013 # International Atlantic Economic Society 2013
2、 JEL O10 Economic impact studies provide estimates of direct, indirect, and induced expenditures resulting from an event in a community. Examples of specific activities are as diverse as the construction of a new stadium, the presence of a university in an area, or a specific cultural festival. When
3、 examining the economic impact of a specific cultural festival that serves as a vehicle for touris m, it is tempting to assume that all spending by festival attendees is new spending to the community. However, assuming that all direct spending by festival attendees at a tourism-related event is new,
4、 direct tourist spending introduces bias into the estimation of the economic impact; that is, some of the spending would occur even if the specific event did not occur. The initial bias is then compounded when researchers introduce induced and indirect economic impacts based on the inflated estimate
5、 of new direct impacts. A more accurate estimate of new direct tourist spending is one that would be based solely on the spending by visitors to the area that would otherwise not have occurred if it were not for the specific event. Travel spending has a prominent position in the family consumption s
6、tructure. In the tourism market has been covered by the seller market to buyers market, touris m consumption has full freedom of choice. The restriction of the utility maximization into spending minimization principle, the tourism consumption choice must have a certain directivity, namely the tourists of different tourist destination time combination will be the best choice. When it comes to tourism consumption, the vast majority of people would be linked with blind consumption, excessi
