1、字数：英文 2250 单词， 13270 字符；中文 4336 汉字 出处： Gretzel, Ulrike, et al. Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystemsJ.Computers in Human Behavior.2015,50(C):558-563. 外文文献： Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems Abstract Using digital ecosystems and smart busine
2、ss networks as conceptual building blocks, this paper defines, describes and illustrates the idea of a smart tourism ecosystem (STE). It further draws on conceptualizations of smart technologies, smart cities and smart tourism to envision new ways in which value is created, exchanged and consumed in
3、 the STE. Technologies essential to the functioning of an STE are described and it is argued that data emerging from these technologies are the driver for new business models, interaction paradigms and even new species. Critical questions regarding the need for regulatory intervention and innovative
4、 research are raised. Key words: Smart tourism; Value creation; Smart technologies; Open innovation; Sharing economy; Tourism experience Touristic Ecosystem Ecosystems are generally defined as communities of interacting organisms and their environments (TheFreeDictionary, 2015), and are typically de
5、scribed as complex networks formed because of resource interdependencies. McCormack (2011) explains that ecosystems, like other kinds of systems, are comprised of elements, interconnections and a function/purpose, but are special types of systems in that their elements are intelligent, autonomous, a
6、daptive agents that often form communities and also because of the way they adapt to elements being added or removed. Boley and Chang (2007) list four critical elements of ecosystems: (1) interaction/engagement; (2) balance; (3) loosely coupled actors with shared goals; and, (4) self-organization. This means that in ecosystems individual agents or groups of agents proactively form symbiotic relationships to increase individual benefits and to achieve shared goals; that local interacti
