1、 3200 单词， 15800 英文字符， 4150 汉字 出处： Michael Keen, Ben Lockwood. The value added tax: Its causes and consequences: Journal of Development Economics 2010 (92) 138151 Added tax: Its causes and consequences Michael Keen, Ben Lockwood Abstract This paper explores the causes and consequences of the remarkab
2、le rise of the value added tax (VAT), asking what has shaped its adoption and, in particular, whether it has proved an especially effective form of taxation. It is rst shown that a tax innovation, such as the introduction of a VAT, reduces the marginal cost of public funds if and only if it also lea
3、ds an optimizing government to increase the tax ratio. This leads to the estimation, on a panel of 143 countries for 25 years, of a system describing both the probability of VAT adoption and the revenue impact of the VAT. The results point to a rich set of determinants of VAT adoption, and to a sign
4、icant but complex impact on the revenue ratio. The estimates suggest, very tentatively, that most countries which have adopted a VAT have thereby gained a more effective tax instrument, though this is less apparent in sub-Saharan Africa. Keywords: Value added tax; Tax reform 1. Introduction Fifty ye
5、ars ago the value-added tax (VAT) was rarely heard of outside of France and some specialist texts. Now it is found in over 130 countries, where it commonly raises 20% or more of all tax revenue. Widely adopted in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, it has been the centerpiece of tax reform in many dev
6、eloping countries. By any standards, the rise of the VAT has been the most signicant development in tax policy and administration of recent decades. And it is not over. Several Caribbean countries are in the process of adopting VATs, for example, while Libya, Syria and the United Arab Emirates are among those planning to do so in the coming years. All this is widely recognized. Yet the causes and consequences of the rise of the VAT have received virtually no attention, either theoretical
