1、中文 3000 字 ,1800 单词， 9800 英文字符 出处： Kari S, Karikallio H. Tax treatment of dividends and capital gains and the dividend decision under dual income taxJ. International Tax and Public Finance, 2007, 14(4):427-456. 外文文献翻译译文 一、外文原文 原文： Tax treatment of dividends and capital gains and the dividend decision
2、 under dual income tax Seppo Kari， Hanna Karikallio The paper analyses efficiency aspects of a dual income tax system with a higher tax on capital gains than dividends. It argues that apart from the distortions to investments claimed in earlier literature, the system puts even more emphasis in creat
3、ing incentives for entrepreneurs to participate in tax planning. The paper suggests that the owner of a closely held company can avoid all personal taxes on entrepreneurial income by two tax-planning strategies. The first is the avoidance of distributions, which would be taxed at the tax rate on lab
4、our income. These funds would instead be invested in the financial markets. The second strategy is a distribute and call-back policy, converting retained profits into new equity capital. Interestingly, the outcome is that investment in real capital is not distorted in the long-run equilibrium. Empir
5、ical evidence using micro data is also provided. The taxation of dividends has attracted renewed attention in public economics literature in recent years, partly because of the US 2003 tax reform which introduced considerable cuts to the tax rates on dividend income. Several studies have used the re
6、form as a “natural” experiment to bring new understanding on the effects of dividend taxation on corporate behaviour. One of the issues is how the change in the relative tax burden between dividends and capital gains affected dividend pay-out behaviour (Poterba 2004; Chetty and Saez 2005; Gordon and Dietz 2006). Another topical theme in public economics is income shifting between different tax bases. While the US literature has mainly focused on shifting between corporate and indi
