1、 英文 2200 单词， 1.2 万英文字符 ，中文 4700 字 出处： Schmitz H, Schmitz H. Local upgrading in global chains: Recent FindingsJ. Institute of Development Studies Sussex, 2004. LOCAL UPGRADING IN GLOBAL CHAINS: RECENT FINDINGS Hubert Schmitz Abstract: The upgrading prospects of local enterprises differ according to t
2、he type of global value chain they feed into. This is the main theme of the paper. It pulls together recent evidence and draw out the strengths and limitations of the global value chain approach to upgrading. The focus on chain governance does not imply that other factors are not important. The prop
3、osition is that the upgrading opportunities of local enterprises are often structured by the relationships in global value chains. In other words, the chain approach has a profound effect on the order of questions asked in the debate on upgrading and it provides an analytical grip on the local-globa
4、l interface. Key words: Upgrading, development, trade, global value chains, inter-firm organisation, production capabilities, innovation capabilities 1. Introduction It is universally acknowledged that the amount of trade that regions engage in has a fundamental effect on their economic development.
5、 There is much less knowledge about how trade is organised and how this affects economic development. Recent global value chain analysis has made some important advances in this field. Its central proposition is that it matters how trade is organised: it matters for understanding market access, the
6、acquisition of capabilities and the distribution of gains. In the thinking on trading relationships, one can broadly distinguish between three phases: - Traditionally, the relationships between producers and customers are thought to be market-based. This assumption continues to prevail (though not always explicitly) in many text books concerned with international trade. - In the 1970s, the importance of intra-firm trade was highlighted in research on multinational c
