1、外文翻译 1 1750 单词， 9500 英文字符 ,3200 汉字 Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly Introduction Housing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Ho
2、using that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive featu
3、res and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems and options for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises. Housing Situation of Older Persons H
4、ow typical is the housing situation of the olders? We will begin by examining five areas :（ 1） Prevalence of home ownership （ 2） Length of stay in current residence （ 3） Living arrangements （ 4） Attachments of older persons to where they live （ 5）Moving behavior. With whom older persons live can inf
5、luence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women)
6、are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with extra rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is als
7、o the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living. Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their 外文翻译 2 children and a lifetime of me
8、mories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For many older persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . I
9、n addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on h
10、is or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This p
11、henomena has been termed the preference to "age in place." Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south. The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the E
12、lderly The federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administe
13、red by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million older persons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assiste
14、d housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no
15、 longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,00
16、0 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing 外文翻译 3 initiatives over the last decade have emphasized demand side subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in
17、 a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed project based subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing suc
18、h as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income. While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing progra
19、ms in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eighties and nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with
20、 services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nine
21、ties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HU
22、D, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the c
23、ountry. The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for Elderly A long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been the nursing home. These
