1、 1 3000 单词， 1.6 万英文字符， 6300 汉字 毕业论文外文原文 外文题目： Water Pollution in Ukraine: The Search for possible Solutions 出 处： International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2004, 20(2):205-218 作 者： NIKOLAI NAZAROV, HADRIAN F. COOK & GRAHAM WOODGATE 原 文： Water Pollution in Ukraine: The Search for Possible
2、Solutions NIKOLAI NAZAROV, HADRIAN F. COOK & GRAHAM WOODGATE Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College at Wye, Kent, UK ABSTRACT In Ukraine, average and maximum concentrations of certain pollutants in inland water bodies are unacceptably high, while the number of heavy pollution accidents (one-out eff
3、luent discharges capable of causing health hazards) is increasing. Meanwhile, the transition from a centrally planned to a free market economy is associated with severe economic downturn and a marked industrial decline. However, no comprehensive analyses related to issues linking water pollution and
4、 socio-economic situation during the period 19912003 have been done. It is considered unlikely that much can be achieved to improve water quality, at the state level, in the near future. Some improvement can be achieved through changes in the system of pollution control and in public attitude, as we
5、ll as obtaining relevant expertise and funds from abroad. Introduction 2 This paper attempts to link water pollution issues with the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The methodology involves an analysis of official statistics concerning surface water quality in Ukraine in terms of concentrations
6、 of certain pollutants and pollution accidents.1 Then consideration is given to relevant socio-economic issues and efficiency of pollution prevention in the country. The years emphasized in the analysis, 19931996, represent the initial period of rapidly worsening economic decline and de-industrializ
7、ation following independence from the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991. Between 1996 and 2000, patterns of surface water pollution changed little (Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2000). Since then, the country has been pursuing a course of political democratization and economic liberalization
8、, which has brought about significant changes in state politics, the national economy and public welfare. Economic difficulties continued through the late 1990s and Ukraines economy began showing signs of improvement only around the year 2000. During the period 19912003, patterns of environmental po
9、llution changed and the average concentration of pollutants tended to decrease. However, levels of river pollution became more variable and the Ukrainian MEP reports shortterm maximum concentrations reaching tens of standard maximum admissible concentrations (MEP, 1998, 2000, 2002). Problems of acut
10、e water pollution are especially pronounced in industrialized and densely populated areas where most sources of pollution, including that of surface water, are located (Gritzenko, 1995). At present, in most parts of Ukraine the quality of river water is not of a satisfactory standard and the authori
11、ties responsible for protection of the environment are unable to deal with the problem, mainly because of financial and staff shortages. Whether it is river pollution, poor air quality, soil contamination or any other environmental issue, it is inadequately addressed (Barannik et al., 1996； MEP, 200
12、2). This paper intends to draw on major findings of research focused on waterquality in Ukrainian rivers and upon major factors that influence it. The main objective of the research described is to identify sources other then national environmental protection authorities that could help to mitigate
13、the problem of river (and environmental) pollution. Such analysis is relevant to consideration of policy importation to the 3 former USSR states, including consideration of UK and EU policies for water protection. An Overview of Surface Water Pollution by River Basins There are eight major river bas
14、ins in the country (Figure 1). The largest is the Dnipro river basin, which occupies about 45% of Ukrainian inland territory. The basins of the Pivdenny Bug and the small rivers of Crimea are located entirely within Ukraines territory, while many rivers of other basins originate outside Ukraine. Thi
15、s presents further problems for river basin management at the state level. The pressure of human activities on natural ecosystems within the basins is spread unevenly. There are areas under urban and industrial development, mining, agriculture, nature reserves and wilderness. Therefore air and water
16、 pollution is highly Figure 1. Schematic location of river basins in Ukraine. Source: Gritzenko (1995). location specific and variable in magnitude. There exist heavily polluted areas with adverse ecosystem and human health implications, alongside areas where the natural environment has virtually been unaltered. Highly polluted areas usually coincide with densely populated urbanized areas
