1、1700 单词， 9100 英文字符， 2550 汉字 出处： Johannsson H, Hvannberg E P. Integration of air traffic control user interfacesC/ Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 2004. Dasc 04.the. 2004:2.B.1-21-11 Vol.1. 附录： 外文资料翻译 资料： INTEGRATION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL USER INTERFACES HlynurJohannsson,EbbaPoraHvannberg Abstr
2、act Communicationand surveillance capabilities in oceanic air traffic control are improving and the amount of air traffic will increase significantly over the next decades. This requires new systems and proceduresto be incorporated into the oceanic air traffic controller workstation. The Icelandic C
3、ivil AviationAdministration(ICAA) is looking at ways to integrate the current set of user interfaces used at Reykjavik Oceanic Center in an effort to increase controller performance. The workstationconsists of three different user interfaces, the Flight Data Processing Systems (FDPS), which presents
4、 electronic flight strips to the controller, the Radar Display, which displays radar data and the Situation Display, which is a backup system for the FDPS system. Three approachesfor integration are presented and claims analysis used to select between them. The result of the claims analysis and cont
5、rollers preference was a spatial display where the FDPS system is integrated into the Radar Display. A paper prototype was created and presented to qualified air traffic controllers in order to get feedbackon the prototype design as well as the transition from a temporal display to spatial display.
6、This paper discusses the prototype design and the results from two user-testing sessions at ICAA. Introduction Air traffic over the ocean will increase significantly in the next decades and technologies and proceduresused to control air traffic today will not be able to handle the increased traffic
7、1,2,3. Even today the air traffic system is nearing capacity meaning that passengers are not getting the service they need and expect 2. Increased traffic and emphasis on safety will demand reduced separation minima and more efficient routing for aircraft traveling over the ocean. With emerging tech
8、nologylike Automatic Dependant Surveillance -Broadcast (ADS-B) and Controller Pilot Data Link Communication(CPDLC), system developmentneeds to adapt to changingtechnology in the air traffic control domain Designers have been researching ways to incorporate changingtechnologyinto ATC workstationsand
9、move tools to the digital world. Some of the work has been focused on designing digital strips in place of paper strips 4. Besides characterizingthe working environment and practices of air traffic controllers in an ethnographic study, MacKay, et. al, have suggested several ideas for the ATC worksta
10、tion and reportedly one of the most successful one is to allow controllers to touch the flight strip with a pen and then highlight the plane on the radar display 5. Augmentingflight strips by making them physical objects and making them the interface to a computer is an alternative to either keeping
11、 the paper strips or replacing them with digital counterparts that are implemented with a keyboard and a monitor 6.Fields et. a1 conclude that where multiple media exist it might be tempting to integrate flight strips and radar into a single coordinatedrepresentation 7. However, they point out that
12、when the burden of integration is reduced so is the requirement to humans to integrate informationresulting in a worse mental model 7. All recognizethe ATC workstationas a collaborative working environment in which different actors need to work together, the controllers,pilots, flight operators and
13、communicationrelay operators. At CENA, work has been carried out in the Toccata project to develop digital strips 4. Some of the features are animation； touch screens, texture and color gradation, and gestures. The controller workstation at Icelandic Civil Aviation Administration(ICAA) consists of t
14、hree graphical user interfaces, the FDPS system, which manages electronic flight strips, the Radar Display, which displays radardata and Situation Display, which is a backup system for the FDPS system and displays the data from flight strips on a geographicalbackground. These systems are presented t
15、o the controller using up to four different computer screens making the workstation big and, accordingto the controllers, inconvenientto use, especially in highly stressful situations. The ICAA is looking at ways to integrate the current set of user interfaces in an effort to increase controller per
16、formance. Thispaper proposes a spatial display for air traffic control in oceanic air traffic control region in order to increase controller performance, simplify the controller workstation and to make the transition to future technology easier. Temporal Display In this approach the radar data is pr
17、ocessed and displayed in the FDPS system as a part of a flight strip. A new box is added to the flight strip that contains radar information for an aircraft position. This box is then updated at the same rate as the radar data is in the radar display. The aircraft continue to be grouped with other a
18、ircraft in the same flight level as before. Additional information found in the radar data block is added to the flight strip. Obviously, the extra box and added information are only available while aircraft is in radar coverage； if an aircraft is not in radar coverage the extra box and information
19、is excluded from the flight strip. Spatial Display In this approachthe FDPS system and Situation Display are integrated into the Radar Display. This means that the information found on the flight strips is moved into the Radar Display for spatial presentation. Aircraft icons are used to distinguish
20、between different surveillance sources and the route for each aircraft is displayed as a line between the waypoints defined in the aircrafts flight plan. Distinction between aircraft that a relevant controller is responsible for, from other aircraft is available through color-coding or by only displ
21、aying aircraft that is under the controllers control. When a controller wants to give a clearance to a pilot he would right mouse click the aircraft in question and select from a menu what action to take the selected aircraft. Information found in the flight strips will have to be added in a new des
22、ign of the data block Synchronization between FDPS System and Radar Display in this approach the FDPS system and the Radar Display show the same sector(s) that a controller is responsible for. The controller has two Radar displays running； one that shows a global view of the sector and another that
23、is synchronized with the FDPS. The FDPS system and the synchronized instance of the Radar Display have the same set aircraft visible . In the synchronized work station a controller working on a specific aircraft or set of aircraft in the FDPS system the controller sees the same aircraft(s) highlighted in the Radar Display, and vice versa. This would decrease controllers search time when comparing information between the two systems. No synchronization is implemented for the
