1、 2200 单词， 11900 英文字符， 3468 汉字 出处： Christofides C A, Neelakantan P, Behr T. Examining the Rural-Urban Income GapJ. 本科毕业论文外文翻译 考察城乡收入差距 院（系、部） 名 称 ： 财经学院 专 业 名 称 ： 财务会计教育 学 生 姓 名 ： 学 生 学 号： 指 导 教 师： 2010 年 11 月 10 日 Examining the Rural-Urban Income Gap C.A. Christofides, Pats Neelakantan, Todd Behr Th
2、ere is an income gap between rural and urban Pennsylvania, and, since the 1980s, this gap has been growing. These are just some of the findings from research, completed in 2005, which looked at 30 years of data from the U. S. Census Bureau, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the Pennsylvania
3、Departments of Revenue, Labor and Industry, Education, Health, Welfare, and Community and Economic Development. To learn if there is a measurable income gap between and within Pennsylvanias rural and urban counties and to identify the causes of the gap, if it in fact existed, the researchers set out
4、 to identify and analyze factors affecting income growth in rural Pennsylvania and to compare rural income growth with urban income growth. The researchers found that, in 2001, the per capita income in rural Pennsylvania was $23,941, while the per capita income in urban Pennsylvania was $32,578: thi
5、s $8,637 per capita income gap between rural and urban Pennsylvania had increased since the 1980s. The researchers also found that certain factors, such as educational attainment, workforce participation, and national economic trends, tended to affect income growth in rural Pennsylvania. Other resea
6、rch findings were that: the income gap between upper and lower income households had increased within every Pennsylvania county from 1980 to 1998； variables affecting urban income growth were similar to variables affecting rural income growth； and taxes assessed at the local and county levels had no
7、 significant effect on personal income within Pennsylvania counties. To close the rural urban income gap, the researchers recommended focusing efforts to increase educational attainment and rural labor force participation. In 1991, the Center for Rural Pennsylvania published a report entitled “The W
8、idening Rural-Urban Income Gap: Past Trend or Forecast for the 1990s.” This report noted a $4,700 income gap between rural and urban areas and the steady increase in the gap during the 1980s. This research, which was completed in 2005, revisited the earlier study and found that the income gap betwee
9、n rural and urban Pennsylvania is still present and continues to increase. The research also looked at the causes of the income gap and factors that have caused the gap to increase. FINDINGS Income gap exists between Pennsylvanias rural and urban counties Within Pennsylvania, incomes were not evenly
10、 distributed. In 2001, 17 percent of the total personal income within the state was found in rural counties and 83 percent was in urban counties. Nearly one half of the income in the state was found in six counties: Allegheny, Philadelphia, Montgomery, Chester, Delaware, and Bucks. Even on a per cap
11、ita basis, incomes were not evenly distributed. In 2001, the per capita income in Pennsylvania rural counties was $23,941, while in urban counties the per capita income was $32,578, or $8,637 higher. Within Pennsylvania, the highest per capita incomes were in Montgomery, Chester, and Bucks counties,
12、 each with incomes in excess of $38,900. The lowest per capita incomes were found in Tioga, Greene, and Huntingdon counties, where the per capita income was less than $20,500. Nationally, there was a similar pattern in income disparity. In 2001, 16 percent of total personal income was in rural count
13、ies and 84 percent was in urban counties. The disparity in incomes is further illustrated by the fact that 50 percent of the total income in the U.S. can be found in only 100 of the more than 3,000 counties nationwide. Income gap has grown between Pennsylvanias rural and urban counties Per capita in
14、comes in rural and urban counties increased between 1969 and 2001. Meanwhile, there has been a persistent gap in per capita income between Pennsylvanias rural and urban counties. In 1969, there was a 19 percent gap between rural and urban per capita incomes, and over the next 32 years, that gap wide
15、ned to 25 percent. Total personal income initially grew faster in rural counties relative to urban counties between 1969 and 2001, decreasing the gap early on. However, most of the rural growth occurred between 1969 and 1979, after which rural income growth slowed while urban income growth accelerat
16、ed. In addition, urban counties have been losing population while rural counties have been gaining population. This increase in the rural population, along with the slower personal income growth rates, has depressed rural per capita income relative to urban per capita income. Shift in sources of inc
17、ome According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, personal income comes from three different sources: wages and salary； interest, dividends and rent (investments)； and transfer payments. Wages and salary are referred to as “earned income,” while dividends, interest, and rent, and transfer payments, such as unemployment compensation, pensions, and Social
