1、2125 单词， 1.2 万英文字符， 3780 汉字 出处： Siddiquee N A. Combating Corruption and Managing Integrity in Malaysia: A Critical Overview of Recent Strategies and InitiativesJ. Public Organization Review, 2010, 10(2):153-171. Public Organiz Rev (2010) 10:153 171 DOI 10.1007/s11115-009-0102-y Combating Corruption
2、and Managing Integrity in Malaysia: A Critical Overview of Recent Strategies and Initiatives Noore Alam Siddiquee Abstract The Government of Malaysia has made continuous efforts and put in place an elaborate set of strategies and institutions aimed at combating corruption and promoting integrity in
3、the society. The nations anti-corruption drive has lately received a major boost. The Badawi government that came to power in 2003 following 22 years of the Mahathir era declared containing corruption as its main priority which was followed by a series of concrete measures. However, the governmental
4、 attempts and strategies in Malaysia appear to have met with little success, as evidenced by the current data that suggests entrenched corruption in the society. Evidence shows that despite governmental campaigns and initiatives, corruption has remained acute, widespread and, in fact, worsened in re
5、cent years. This paper presents a critical overview of the anti-corruption strategies being followed in Malaysia and explores the problems and limitations of the current approach to fighting corruption and managing integrity in the society. Keywords: Corruption. Public integrity. Governance. Politic
6、ization. Patronage and Money politics Introduction Although corruption is not a new phenomenon, lately it has become a matter of growing concern all over the world. This is partly because of the changing economic and political environment around the globe and partly because of the growing consensus
7、in both academic and policy circles of the negative impacts of corruption on socio-economic development. Now there is a far greater appreciation than in the past that corruption is not only morally wrong, it exacts a heavy toll on a nations prosperity. Corruption undermines good governance, distorts
8、 public policy, leads to misallocation of resources and hurts economic growth(Bardhan 1997；Rose-Ackerman 1999).Consequently governments and international agencies have diverted much efforts searching for effective measures to control this menace. This has produced a variety of strategies and institu
9、tional innovations around the world. A popular choice has been the establishment of a strong and centralized anti corruption agency modeled along the lines of those in Singapore and Hong Kong with clear mandates to confront the problems of corruption. Elsewhere, a multiple agency framework has been
10、adopted which involves creating and/or strengthening of anti-corruption capacities across several governmental agencies(Meagher 2005).But the results achieved are far from uniform: while some countries have achieved considerable success in containing corruption, others have failed to make significan
11、t headways despite having followed similar anti-corruption reforms and strategies. Attempts to draw lessons for policy transfers have proved difficult (Klitgaard 1988；Quah 2003)given the differences in the contexts and a host of other factor. Thus there is a general lack of agreement on what approac
12、hes work and what explains the success and failure of anticorruption strategies. Notwithstanding this, combating corruption or promoting integrity has become a major component of governmental reforms in many countries. Malaysia is no exception to this rule. In appreciation of the significance of goo
13、d governance for sustained economic growth and prosperity generally the Malaysian government has renewed its commitment to fighting corruption. While the Anti Corruption Agency was set up in 1967 with clear mandates, it was reformed and revitalized subsequently to make it more Effective in containin
14、g corruption and all forms of mal administration in the society. Since 2003 fighting corruption has been firmly on the agenda of the government: variety of new initiatives and strategies have been devised and implemented ever since. Taken together, Malaysia has an elaborate anti-corruption framework
15、. Yet Malaysia presents an interesting case: the level of corruption has remained high and the plethora of strategies and the recent campaigns appear to have made hardly any difference in containing and Combating corruption in the society. This paper presents a critical overview of Malaysias anti-co
16、rruption strategies highlighting some of their drawbacks and limitations. It begins with a brief review of the literature on corruption and anti-corruption, which is followed by an overview of institutional strategies and recent initiatives for combating corruption and managing integrity in the soci
17、ety.“ Explaining the results: limitations of the anti-corruption strategies” provides an analysis of the inadequacies and limitations of the current approach to fighting corruption and managing integrity. Finally, the concluding section of the paper outlines key lessons and policy implications for b
18、olstering the effectiveness of anti-corruption drives and strategies. Developments since 2003 Since 2003 corruption has become a central issue in Malaysias political discourse. Soon after his takeover of power, Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi declared fighting corruption as his first priority.
19、This was followed by a series of initiativesbelieved to be an integral part of governments anti-corruption campaign. The introduction of National Integrity Plan in 2004 represents a major effort made by his government towards promoting a culture of integrity. The NIP provides a comprehensive framewo
20、rk for promoting ethics and integrity in the society. Geared towards instilling and nurturing an ethical culture and integrity at all levels of the Malaysian society the NIP is expected to focus on individuals, family, private sector, public administration, socio-cultural agencies, NGOs and politici
21、ans(GOM 2004).The Malaysian Institute of Integrity(MII)was established in order to provide a framework that would support the effective coordination and implementation of NIP. Chaired by the Chief Secretary to the government and governed by a Board of Directors the MII is responsible for monitoring
22、and coordinating the implementation of NIP. The MII is also responsible for devising appropriate indices to measure performance in achieving NIP targets, preparing annual reports on Malaysian Integrity system and in organizing conventions of stakeholders to debate integrity issues seeking new and in
23、novative ways to move forward. As a further effort aimed at strengthening anti- corruption drives the Badawi government later established the Anti Corruption Academy. In 2004 the Abdullah government introduced another scheme designed to complement the ongoing efforts for enhancing public integrity i
24、n Malaysia. Known as Islam Hadari (civilizational Islam)it is a comprehensive framework which seeks to promote an integrated and balanced development, consistent with the tenets of Islam. It is essentially a state-sanctioned program of social engineering； it emphasizes, among others, the development
25、 of knowledgeable and pious people who are honest, trustworthy and are prepared to take on global challenges. Faith and piety in God,a vigorous pursuit and mastery of knowledge, a just and trustworthy government, cultural and moral integrity are among the leading principles of Islam Hadari(JKIM 2005
26、).Such principles are expected to guide the individuals as well as organizations thus providing a framework for the formulation of policies and strategies towards good governance and responsible administration. It is obvious that Malaysia has put in place comprehensive anti-corruption strategies inv
27、olving institutional, legal and normative aspects. These strategies also combine preventive as well as punitive dimensions. Taken together with watchdog bodies, educational and social awareness programs and administrative innovations, Malaysia provides an elaborate framework for dealing with corrupt
28、ion and issues of public integrity. The obvious question is: how effective are such drives and strategies? In a recent survey conducted by Transparency International the respondents have argued that little improvements have had occurred in the fight against corruption. Nearly two-thirds of the respo
29、ndents from the members of the public believed that there have been no improvements in the levels of integrity and Transparency in both public and private sectors. A separate survey on corporate managers revealed that some 47%paid or knew someone who paid bribes in the past 12 months (International
30、Herald Tribune,5 March,2007).The police was ranked as the most corrupt department followed by other enforcement agencies such as roads and transport and customs department. The magnitude of corruption in the enforcement agencies is evident from the confession of a former police chief who revealed that 40% of the senior police officers could be arrested without investigation strictly on the basis on their lifestyles(Aliran Monthly,11,2007).The royal commission on police formed earlier by the government also made similar observations about the magnitude of corruption within the agency.
