1、2 29 90000 单词，单词，1.1.7 7 万英文字符，万英文字符，49490000 汉字汉字 本科毕业论文外文翻译本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目：外文题目： How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? 出出 处：处： John Humphrey, Hubert Schmitz. How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters?J. Regional S
2、tudies, 2010, 36(9): 1017-1027. 作作 者：者： John Humphrey and Hubert Schmitz What is the scope for local upgrading strategies where producers operate in global value chains? The literature on industrial clusters emphasises the role of inter-firm co-operation and local institutions in enabling upgrading.
3、 The value chain literature focuses on the role of global buyers and chain governance in defining upgrading opportunities. This paper argues that clusters are inserted into global value chains in different ways, and that this has consequences for enabling or disabling local-level upgrading efforts.
4、It pays particular attention to the position of developing country firms selling to large, global buyers. Keywords: clusters, value chains, competitiveness, upgrading, developing countries 1 Introduction Firms in developing countries, in common with firms everywhere, are under pressure to improve their performance and increase their competitiveness. New, low-cost producers are entering global markets, intensifying competition in markets for labour-in
