1、6000 英文单词，英文单词，3 万英文字符万英文字符，中文中文 1 万字万字 文献出处文献出处: Aunan K, Hansen M H, Liu Z, et al. The Hidden Hazard of Household Air Pollution in Rural ChinaJ. Environmental Science furthermore, that HAP in particular should be incorporated into air pollution policies to a greater extent, and its contribution to
2、 air pollution exposure in rural areas be made more publicly known. Keywords: Household air pollution；China；rural air pollution；perceptions of pollution；risk of air pollution, gender and air pollution； 1. Introduction Outdoor, or ambient, air pollution (AAP) in China stems mainly from coal combustio
3、n in industry and power production, vehicles, burning of crop waste in agricultural fi elds, and household use of solid fuels for cooking and heating. The latter also results in indoor and neighborhood air pollution, known as household air pollution (HAP). One may assume that everyone residing withi
4、n a given area is affected by the same level of AAP. However, people who rely on solid fuels for cooking or heating are, in addition, subject to HAP exposure because of the emissions from household stoves indoors. So far, research has not conclusively shown whether smoke from household stoves is mor
5、e or less toxic than other types of particulate air pollution (PM2.5), but it has been proven beyond doubt that household use of wood and coal in traditional stoves contributes considerably to air pollution in homes and neighborhoods (WHO, 2014). It has a critical impact on peoples health, especiall
6、y those who cook or spend time close to the source of pollution, often women and children. Improved stove campaigns have been launched in many parts of the world, and as early as the 1980s and 90 s the Chinese government carried out programs that helped upgrade at least 130 million household stoves in rural areas. In practice, new so- called improved stoves had a chimney leading the smoke out of the house and a grate to improve combustion efficiency (Sinton et al. 2004). About 25 years later
