1、4420 汉字， 2430 单词 文献二： The Spillover Effect of Foreign Direct Investment: International Experience and Enlightenment 1. Introduction Since the 1990s, as the process of globalization and developing countries to accelerate the opening up of foreign direct investment in the spillover effect more and mor
2、e by the general concern of all countries in the world. China and the Asian financial crisis has become a global attracting foreign direct investment than any other country, how best to encourage foreign direct investment in our country have a spillover effect, while foreign direct investment by red
3、ucing the negative impact, but also has been one of our government and the reality faced by the enterprises in question. international level in this areas most famous one of the researchers, as he and his colleagues in 1996, Professor Ari Kokko spillover effect on the description of the foreign dire
4、ct investment that is spillover effect, as the international business enter or participate in the host country received by the local enterprises improve labor productivity. In fact, the international community on the spillover effects of foreign direct investment In the 1960s, the study has been sta
5、rted, it is precisely because the nature of the problem, and involved in an open economic environment in the countrys development strategy for decades to research in the field more enthusiastic, and really made a lot of progress. Foreign direct investment spillover effect on the core issue of spillo
6、ver effect is the mechanism, that is, when foreign direct investment after entry into the host country, through the micro-mechanism and how the process of the host countrys labor productivity of local enterprises to promote the role of produce. On this issue will undoubtedly contribute to a thorough
7、 understanding of the host countrys government and enterprises to take appropriate measures in order to achieve a more effective use of foreign investment, have contributed to the purpose of spillover effects. 2. Understanding of evolution: foreign direct investment in the host countrys influence an
8、d role Looking back in history, peoples attitude toward foreign direct investment has experienced from the initial breach of prudent to open and then take the initiative to attract process. In the late 1950s, foreign direct investment in a limited scale and scholars only treat it as capital flows be
9、tween countries in international trade theory to be discussed to the late 1960s, with the scale of direct foreign investment and the expansion of scholars began to focus on on the market structure of the host country its impact and influence. Study results show that the mainstream, foreign direct in
10、vestment by the sponsors of the national characteristics of an oligopoly market caused by the researchers are worried that foreign direct investment will be the domestic market imperfection of the spread to other countries. At the same time, prices on the international transfer of enterprises, as we
11、ll as the study on foreign direct investment in the uneven development of the studies have strengthened the right of foreign direct investment resentment and thus the 1960s all countries, particularly developing countries on foreign direct investment holders reject or strictly limit policy. 1970s, t
12、he international lending strong support to the capital of the Asian emerging countries the export-oriented economy, as well as Latin American countries import substitution-based economy flourish； However, the 1980s to government borrowing at the core of the Asian emerging mode of financing the devel
13、opment of the country by setbacks； and representatives to Mexico for some Latin American countries and into the debt crisis of developing countries in order to make foreign direct investment in the form of the introduction of international capital had to be re-thinking. At the same time, scholars of
14、 foreign direct investment in the in-depth study also showed some positive results. Many studies show that foreign direct investment in the host country has many spillover effects, particularly in the role of the international transfer of technology by the special attention. Thus, the host country f
15、or foreign direct investment in a major attitude change, whether passive or active to attract international capital to create opportunities for the international transfer of technology, most countries tend to start some open and the purpose of the introduction of foreign direct investmentpolicy. Sin
16、ce the 1990s, and people of foreign direct investment has had a positive perception further. Compared to other international transfer of technology, people have found that the more the latest technology and most profitable of the technology, the more likely international companies through internatio
17、nal direct investment in the way in the host country use. The reason is that, from the point of view of international companies using such technologies that will form the legal right to remain in the control of the international enterprise. Want access to advanced technology from the point of view o
18、f the host country, for these reasons, the host countrys enterprises needed advanced technology is not always able to buy on the market. Under such circumstances, the host country for foreign direct investment in local enterprises the special significance lies in the fact that when the international
19、 enterprises in the local investment and the use of advanced technologies for production activities, local enterprises can be the nearest through observation, imitation, reverse engineering and has been employed persons employed by international companies such channels as the corresponding technolog
20、ical and management of useful information, which can also cause the spillover of its technical information. Moreover, in addition to foreign direct investment may have spillover effects, the Harvard professor Caves also found that if foreign direct investment into the host countrys monopoly market,
21、the market will break the monopoly of the Central Plains some balance, local enterprises will be in foreign-funded enterprises competitive pressures increase efficiency. This is foreign direct investment reflects a spillover effect. In fact, the 90 countries of the 1980s, foreign policy is relativel
22、y more open, between the neighboring countries to attract foreign capital even more evident intention. It can be said that opening up and attracting foreign investment has become the strategic development of many developing countries an important part. On the above understanding of foreign direct in
23、vestment This is clearly an important basis for the implementation of the policy. 3. Explore mechanisms: direct foreign investment have spillover effects Despite the presence of foreign direct investment compared with the generally positive awareness, and most developing countries have indeed adopte
24、d preferential policies to attract foreign capital, but according to different national manufacturing data by the experience of the results of the study but is not optimistic. The Caves by the Harvard professor, New York University professor and Globerman of Stockholm University Professor Magnus Blo
25、mstrom were led by Australia, Canada and Mexico manufacturing industry studies show that foreign direct investment is in the host country had a spillover effect, but the World Bank study staff Haddad & Harrison & Aitken and the International Monetary Fund. Harri-SOll respectively Morocco and Venezue
26、la study shows that the manufacturing sector did not have a spillover effect, and researchers from Italy Mariotti the study found, in the professional-oriented industries (Specialist sectors) and the scale industries (Scale intensive sectors) had a spillover effect, and in science-based industries (
27、Science-based sectors) and traditional industries (Tranditional sectors) did not have spillover effects. Based on the results of different studies, international scholars reached a consensus: that foreign direct investment spillover effect is not automatically generated. In other words, countries an
28、d opening up policy itself does not guarantee entry into the country of foreign direct investment in the country will have a spillover effect, therefore, explore in depth the spillover effects on the conditions and mechanisms, become a reality in the countries in the spillover effect can effectively
29、 guide the key. Under the existing research results on the international spillover effects of foreign direct investment into the mechanism of the spillover effect within the industry, inter-industry spillover effect . Industry spillover effect. Industry spillover effect is also known as demonstratio
30、n and competition effect (Demonstration and Competition effects), spillover effect of this mechanism embodiment, when foreign direct investment has entered a host of specific industries, on the one hand, foreign-funded enterprises adopt modern business model and advanced production and management te
31、chnology to foreign-funded enterprises has created opportunities for high profits, which in the same industries in the local enterprises have a demonstration effect and that local enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises to watch the final acts of imitation to enable local enterprises to improve t
32、he efficiency of the results of their labor, access to the spillover effect. On the other hand, the entry of foreign direct investment on the local market and compete in the same industry in the operation of local enterprises a competitive pressures in order to maintain the existing market and fight
33、 for survival and development opportunities, local enterprises will do their utmost to take all possible measures to enhance operational efficiency. In this competitive environment contributed to improving the efficiency of the spillover effects are also manifestations. In view of this mechanism des
34、cribed Riedel and Lake respectively on the European semiconductor industry conducted two case studies. Case study results indicate that the United States is the entry of multinational corporations in Europe in the industry have brought new technology, the demonstration effect of the European role in
35、 the rise of the industry significantly； Langdon in the soap industry in Kenya found in a study of the case, Kenya entered the international soap manufacturing machinery manufacturing enterprises will be introduced soap market, local enterprises original handmade soap manufacturers lost sales, local
36、 soap manufacturers also have to introduce the corresponding soap manufacturing technology, thereby increasing productivity. In the above case study on the basis of 1992 Wang &Blomstrom the establishment of a simple theoretical model that the industry will be spillover effects of a push to a new lev
37、el. Model will be the introduction of foreign advanced technology and the decision-making process of local enterprises to invest in learning the decision-making mutual contact of the two categories of enterprises in competing in the decision-making mechanism. They believe that the local enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises in the competitive pressure to invest in the learning process, and greater investment in the learning process, the technical capacity of local enterprises
