1、 1 中文 2990 字， 1756 单词， 9800 英文字符 原文 Controls for inventory management best Practices Material Source: Accounting control best practices Author: Steven M. Bragg Overview: An enormous number of advanced systems are involved in the procurement ,handling ,and shipment of inventory ,all of which require
2、different types of controls .In this chapter ,we discuss control systems for a wide range of system complexities, ranging from paper-based inventory acquisition systems ,through bar-coded tracking systems， cross docking ,pick-to-light systems, and zone picking ,and on to controls for manufacturing r
3、esources planning and just-in-time systems .As usual ,the number of controls that could be installed may appear to be oppressively large ,and could certainly interfere with the efficient running of inventory-related activities .Consequently ,always be mindful of the need to install only those contro
4、ls that are truly necessary to the mitigation of significant risks. 4-1Controls for basic inventory acquisition This section describes controls over the acquisition of inventory where there is no computerization of the pross.Section4-9,Controls for Manufacturing Resources Planning, presents a more a
5、dvanced application in which purchase orders are generated automatically by the computer system. The basic acquisition process centers on the purchase order authorization， as shown in Exhibit 4.1,The warehouse issues a renumbered purchase requisition when inventory levees run low ， which is primary
6、authorization for the creation of a multipart purchase order .One copy of purchase order goes back to the warehouse ，where it is compared to a copy of the purchase requisition to verify completeness ；another copy goes to the accounts payable department for eventual matching to the supplier invoice .
7、A fourth copy is sent to the receiving department ， where it is used to accept incoming deliveries， while a fifth copy is retained in the purchasing department .In short ,various copies of the purchase order drive orders to suppliers ,receiving ,and payment. The controls noted in the flowchart are d
8、escribed at greater length next ， in sequence from the top of the flowchart to the bottom. *Warehouse ： Prepare a renumbered purchase requisition .In the absence of a 2 formal inventory management system, the only people who know which inventory items are running low are the warehouse staff. They mu
9、st notify the purchasing department to issue purchase orders for inventory replenishments. To ensure that these requisitions are made in an orderly manner, only renumbered requisition forms should be used, and preferably they should be issued only by a limited number of warehouse staff. By limiting
10、their use, it is less likely that multiple people will issue a requisition for the same inventory item. *Purchasing: Prepare a renumbered purchase order. The primary control over inventory in a basic inventory management system is through the purchases function ,which controls the spigot of inventor
11、y flowing into the warehouse, This control can be eliminated for small-dollar purchase for fittings and fasteners, which are typically purchased as soon as on-hand quantities reach marked reorder points in their storage bins (visual reorder system).Since the purchase order is the primary control ove
12、r inventory purchases,you can avoid fake purchase orders by using renumbered forms that are stored in a locked cabinet. *Verify that purchase order matches requisition .Once the warehouse staff receives its copy of the purchase order； it should compare the purchase order to the initiating requisitio
13、n to ensure that the correct items were order. Any incorrect purchase order information should be brought to the attention of the purchasing staff at once. *Reject unauthorized deliveries, to enforce the use of purchase orders for al inventory purchases, the receiving staff should be instructed to r
14、eject all deliveries for which there is no accompanying purchase order number. *Match receipts to purchase order authorization. Once an order is received, the warehouse staff should enter the receiving information into a receiving report and send the receiving report to the accounts payable departme
15、nt for later matching to the supplier invoice and purchase order, It should also send a copy of the report to the purchasing department for further analysis. *Cancel residual purchase order balances. Upon receipt of the receiving report from the receiving department, the purchasing staff compares it
16、 to the file of open invoices to determine which orders have not yet been received and which purchase orders with residual amounts outstanding can now be cancelled .Otherwise, additional deliveries may arrive well after the date when they were originally needed. *There-way matching with supplier inv
17、oice for payment approval. Upon 3 receipt of the receiving report, the accounts payable staff matches it to the supplier invoice and authorizing purchase order to determine if the quantity appearing on the supplier invoice matches the amount received and that the price listed on the supplier invoice
18、 matches the price listed on the purchase order. The department pays suppliers based on the results of these matching processes. The next control is supplemental to the primary controls just noted for the inventory acquisition process. *Segregate the purchasing and receiving functions. Anyone orderi
19、ng supplies should not be allowed to receive it, since that person could eliminate all traces of the initiation order and make off with the inventory .This is normally considered a primary control, but it dose not fit into the actual transaction flow noted earlier in Exhibit 4.1 and so is listed her
20、e as a supplemental control. *Require supervisory approval of purchase orders. If the purchasing staff has a low level of experience ,it may be necessary to require supervisory approval of all purchase order before they are issued, in order to spot mistake ,This approval may also be useful for large
21、 purchasing commitments. *Inform suppliers that verbal purchase orders are not accepted. Suppliers will ship deliveries on the basic of verbal authorizations, which circumvents the use of formal purchase orders. To prevent this, periodically issue reminder notices to all suppliers that deliveries ba
22、sed on verbal purchase orders will be rejected at the receiving dock. *Inform suppliers of who can approve purchase orders. If there is a significant perceived risk that purchase orders can be forged ,then tell suppliers which purchasing personnel are authorized to approve purchase orders and update
23、 this notice whenever the authorization list changes. This control is not heavily used, especially for large purchasing department where the authorization list constantly changes or where there are many suppliers to notify. Usually the risk of purchase order forgery is not perceived to that large. 4
24、-2 Control for basic inventory storage and movement This section describes control for only the most basic inventory management system, where there is no perpetual inventory tracking system in place, no computerization of the inventory database ,and no formal planning system, such as manufacture resources planning(MRPII)or just-in time(JIT). When there is no perpetual inventory tracking system in place, the key control tasks of the warehouse staff fall into four categories:
