1、1980 单词， 11800 英文字符， 3580 汉字 出处： Cao Dong, Wang Jinnan. China: Environmental Information Disclosure J. OECD Papers, 2005, Vol. 5 Issue 4, p67-75 原文一 ： China: Environmental Information Disclosure by Mr. CAO Dong and Mr. WANG Jinnan Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning I. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY I
2、NFORMATION DISCLOSURE 1. State of Environment reporting The Environmental Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China stipulates (Article 11) that “the competent departments of environmental protection administration under the State Council and governments of provinces, autonomous regions and mu
3、nicipalities directly under the central government shall regularly issue bulletins on environmental situations”. The departments are the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and, at subnational levels, the environmental protection bureaus (EPBs). The reports are issued generally once
4、 a year. The first report, 1989 State of the Environment in China, was issued in 1990. The main objective of SOE reporting is to make the public and the society understand the environmental quality situation so as to improve the relevant departments oversight of the situation. The National Environme
5、ntal Protection Agency (NEPA, the predecessor of SEPA) published the 1990 State of the Environment in China in China Environmental News on June 4, 1991； since then the reports have been published in the same way every year. Since 1998, the reports have also been issued on the Internet. The compiling
6、 of SOE reports is led by EPBs at various levels, with participation by the Ministries of Agriculture, Forestry, Water Resources, Geology and Mineral Resources, and Public Health, along with the State Meteorology Bureau, the State Marine Bureau, the State Land Resource Administration and the State S
7、tatistical Bureau. The contents of the first issue were in three parts: i) state of environmental pollution, ii) state of the natural environment and iii) environmental protection affairs. The indicators used included environmental quality status, environmental construction situation, pollution prev
8、ention and control, nature protection and progress on environmental protection work. More contents have been added since then. For instance, the 1998 report included biodiversity and climate change. After many years of development, a theoretical framework has been established for compiling the SOE r
9、eports, using the pressure state response model. An indicator system, with a reliable information collection network, has been set up to assess the state of Chinas environment. Governments of provinces, autonomous regions and the four municipalities directly administered by the central government is
10、sue their own SOE reports annually (Box 1)； other reports at city level are not available yet. Some provinces publish their SOE reports on the Internet. In addition to national and subnational SOE reports, the government issues reports on environmental status in key environmental management regions
11、and basins, focusing on environmental quality status, environmental control progress and environmental protection affairs. An example is the 1997 Report on Ecological and Environmental Monitoring in the Three Gorges Engineering of the Yangtze River, issued on June 3, 1997, covering the Three Gorges
12、reservoir area and the Yangtze River. The main indicators in this report included monitoring network, engineering progress, socio-economic development, natural ecoenvironment status, eco-environmental experimental stations, polluting source emission status, environmental quality status and human hea
13、lth. The report was compiled under the leadership of the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (China NEMC) with participation from 18 other units, including the National Climate Centre, the Eco-Environmental Monitoring Centre of State Forestry Bureau, the Chinese Yangtze River Three Gorges
14、 Engineering Development Group and the State Seismological Bureau. Reports on water quality for some key basins are also disclosed periodically in China Environmental News and Peoples Daily. Box 1 Main Indicators in the City of Beijing SOE Report 1. State of the environment Air, water, noise, solid
15、waste, industrial pollution, pollution accidents 2. Environmental construction Pollution prevention and nature protection, air pollution prevention and control, drinking water source protection, rehabilitation of city river system, control of surface water pollution, moving of industrial pollution s
16、ources, noise control, administration of “white garbage”, etc. 3. Environmental protection affairs Formulation of prevention targets and organisation of pollution monitoring in Beijing, implementation of pollutant effluent control, strengthening legal framework, environmental awareness campaigns and
17、 education, complaints and inspections, environmental science research and monitoring, environmental industry. 4. International communication and cooperation Source: 2. Environmental quality reports NEPA began to compile Basic Urban Environmental Quality Situations in Some Areas of China in 1980, a
18、nd approved the first National Environmental Quality Report compiled by China NEMC and issued in 1991. This national report was classified as “secret” and could be accessed only by staff of environmental protection departments at various levels and by environmental monitoring technicians. An Environ
19、mental Quality Brief is also provided to leaders of environmental protection departments at various levels. The main contents and indicators include air quality status, acid rain pollution status, urban river water quality status, water quality status of main river systems, pollution status of lakes
20、 and reservoirs, offshore marine water quality status, urban ambient noise status and radioactive environmental quality status. 3. Weekly (daily) report on urban environmental quality Reports on ambient air quality are released every week to the public. They are based on routine monitoring of several common pollutants specified in the national
